THE FUNСTIONING OF MARKETS IN THE EMIRATE OF BUKHARA IN THE END OF 19TH–END OF THE 20THCENTURIES

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Emirate of Bukhara was known among the eastern countries as an important center of trade. Due to its favorable economic and geographical location, Bukhara connects the east and south of Asia with its north and west, and through Russia with European countries.The following article provides information about the popularity of the Emirate of Bukhara as the most important center of trade among the countries of the East in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the abundance of majestic markets for various goods produced in the countries of the world. It is also separately provided about the division of markets by type, the performance of their role in economic life, their specialization in trade, the establishment of separate markets where various goods are sold and the high development of the culture of trade.Index Terms:market, trade, commerce, merchant, dome, tim, trade house, batman, foreign firm, intermediary, product.

Tylosin abatement in water by photocatalytic process

The photocatalytic degradation of a macrolide (tylosin) has been studied using immobilized titanium dioxide as photocatalyst in a laboratory reactor under UV illumination (365 nm). The degradation of the antibiotic and of the reaction intermediary product was monitored by UV spectrophotometry and HPLC. Three photocatalysts (P25 from Degussa and PC105 and PC500 from Millenium) immobilized on glass plates were compared. A slightly better degradation was obtained with P25. Then the tylosin degradation kinetics were investigated with the P25 photocatalyst. The kinetic model of Langmuir-Hinshelwood is satisfactorily obeyed at initial time and in the course of the reaction. Adsorption and apparent rate constants were determined. These results suggest that, although an intermediary by-product was detected during the reaction, complete degradation of tylosin can be achieved, which confirms the feasibility of such a photocatalytic treatment for tylosin elimination from wastewater.

Stability of Nitroblue Tetrazolium-based Alkaline Phosphatase Substrates

This report demonstrates the stability of NBT substrate after multiple exposures to alkaline phosphatase. Perhaps more important than the ability to reuse substrates, the report provides some insight into the mechanisms by which tetrazoliums are reduced and evidence for the formation of an intermediary product, i.e., a half-formazan that is reduced more rapidly. (J Histochem Cytochem 49:1189–1190, 2001)

Isolation of a Bacterial Strain Able To Degrade Branched Nonylphenol

ABSTRACT Conventional enrichment of microorganisms on branched nonylphenol (NP) as only carbon and energy source yielded mixed cultures able to grow on the organic compound. However, plating yielded no single colonies capable, alone or in combination with other isolates, of degrading the NP in liquid culture. Therefore, a special approach was used, referred to as “serial dilution-plate resuspension,” to reduce culture complexity. In this way, one isolate, TTNP3, tentatively identified as a Sphingomonas sp., was found to be able to grow on NP in liquid culture. Remarkably, this isolate was able to be filtered through a 0.45-μm-pore-diameter filter. Moreover, isolate TTNP3 did not form visible colonies on mineral medium with NP, and it formed visible colonies on R2A agar only after a prolonged incubation of 1 week. High-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis of the culture media indicated that the strain starts the degradation of NP with a fission of the phenol ring and preferably uses the para isomer of NP and not the ortho isomer. No distinct accumulation of an intermediary product could be observed.