Analysis of Soil Nutrients based on Potential Productivity Tests with Balanced Minerals for Maize-Chickpea Crop

Generally, a soil nutrients test has been performed for determining the productivity measures of any plant. It includes many challenges of environmental impacts and climate adaptation. To maintain the crop nutrients quality without affecting previous performance from the soil, it is required to minimize the challenges in the soil health sector can be increased economic returns from crop productivity. This article represents the review on improving productivity for soil nutrition. Soil nutrition was tested and assessed using the existing method, and deficiencies in the soil were identified that could be improved using some standardized methods. This productivity function of soil supply is measured by a various spatial scale which is a part of this research. The objective aims to achieve high productivity in the context of soil and also to realize environmental impact for soil functionality, productivity function, and resources information. The classification of soils corresponding multitude of approaches developed globally for potential soil productivity. The main focus is to determine strategies for the effects of a balanced nutrition system of maize-chickpea. The treatment and control can be developed and tested every year on crop yield. Besides, this research presents a future enhancement of improved productivity tests for a balanced soil nutrition system for better crop yield. The soil classification will be categorized with a knowledge base algorithm for further accuracy for the system.

The Technology and Knowledge Spıllover Effects of FDI on Labour Productıvıty—Evıdence from Medıum-Hıgh Industry in Malaysıa

A plethora of studies have revealed the importance of new knowledge transfer from foreign multinational corporations (MNCs) in encouraging higher labour productivity and sustainable competitive advantages. However, less attention is given to low labour productivity issue despite the presence of FDI, especially in the developing country context. Most of the studies only heavily emphasised on 'technology' effects rather than 'knowledge' effects on the host country as a result of the presence of foreign technology. As Malaysia is one of the major FDI recipients in Southeast Asia, the specific spillover effects of each FDI investor country in Malaysia, need to be studied. With an abundance of MNCs, international technology transfer is considered as an imported mode for technology acquisition in a developing country like Malaysia. However, the benefits of FDI spillovers on labour productivity function in Malaysia remain ambiguous, even when classified according to specific investor countries. Globalisation and liberalisation have seen trade and investment activities booming, thus increasing multilateral relations between Malaysia and other countries regardless of their level of development. Thus, this study may help the Malaysian government to justify the cost that should be invested to attract more FDI inflows towards the manufacturing industries in the short run. Keywords: spillover effects, Foreign Direct Investment, labour productivity, technology spillovers, knowledge spillovers

DAMPAK PENGGUNAAN INPUT PRODUKSI TERHADAP EFISIENSI TEKNIS USAHATANI JAGUNG PROGRAM UPAYA KHUSUS (UPSUS) DI KABUPATEN MUARO JAMBI - INDONESIA

<p align="justify"><strong><em>Abstract: </em></strong><em>This research aims to analyze the allocation of using production inputs, production, and technical efficiency of maize for UPSUS and non-UPSUS programme of corn farming. This study held in two sample villages, namely: Mekar Sari </em><em>v</em><em>illage and Sogo </em><em>v</em><em>illage which were determined purposively. The sample size was 47 farmers participating in the UPSUS program and 36 non-UPSUS farmers</em><em>. </em><em>Simple Random Sampling method</em><em> is applied in this study</em><em>.</em><em> </em><em>The data collection method use</em><em>d</em><em> the survey with questionnaire. Cobb Douglas production function method and Chow Test</em><em> are applied to analyze the data</em><em>. The measurement of technical efficiency is used the Productivity Function Model. The results showed that the maize </em><em>UPSUS </em><em>program was able to significantly increase the allocation of the use of production inputs, productivity and technical efficiency. This means that the UPSUS program can be efficient and successful in achieving its production target of 5 ton/ha and additional production of 0.8 ton/ha.</em><em></em></p><p align="justify"> </p><p align="justify"><strong>Abstrak:</strong> Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis alokasi penggunaan input produksi, produksi, dan efisiensi teknis usahatani jagung program UPSUS dan non UPSUS. Penelitian ini mengambil dua desa sampel yaitu Desa Mekar Sari dan Desa Sogo yang ditentukan secara <em>purposive</em>. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 47 petani peserta program UPSUS dan sebanyak 36 petani non UPSUS dengan menggunakan Metode Slovin. Pemilihan sampel menggunakan metode <em>Simple Random Sampling</em>. Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan metode survei dengan bantuan kuesioner. Metode analisis data menggunakan metode fungsi produksi <em>Cobb Douglas </em>dan <em>Uji Chow</em>. Pengukuran efisiensi teknis digunakan model Fungsi Produktivitas. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa program UPSUS jagung mampu meningkatkan alokasi penggunaan input produksi, produktivitas, dan efisiensi teknis secara signifikan. Hal ini berarti program UPSUS dapat berdaya guna dan berhasil guna mencapai sasaran produksi sebanyak 5 ton/ha dan tambahan produksi sebesar 0,8 ton/ha.</p>

ECONOMIC GROWTH MODEL FOR BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA IN THE PERIOD 2007-2017 - OPPORTUNITIES FOR FUTURE RISKS REDUCTION -

The theory of the system indicates that the metastable state (state of the system described as a state which is close to the equilibrium state) will go into equilibrium if we wait long enough. The behavior of a particular system in the future depends on historical events, current and future shocks. In the equilibrium, all participants in economic life - economic agents are satisfied with their position, and economists call this a state of Nash equilibrium. The problem that we will deal with is the question of whether the economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina is in equilibrium, how to measure equilibrium, how to achieve stability and the balance of the system. The research will focus on productivity function for BiH, the concept of a potential gross domestic product, deviations in the nominal gross domestic product from the potential. We will analyze aggregate demand with the aim to define the model of economic growth of Bosnia and Herzegovina. We believe this knowledge will provide a basis that we believe can serve to create instruments, measures and policies that are needed to reduce future risks - deviations in economic growth.