The social effects of anger in international negotiations: The role of self-regulation and bargaining power

<p>This thesis addresses recent calls to investigate the influence of individual differences in a negotiation context. Specifically, I investigate the impact of the personality difference, action orientation versus state orientation, on concessionary behaviour in international negotiations. This personality difference was chosen because it measures a negotiator’s capacity to self-regulate (control their behaviour) in a cognitively demanding situation like an international negotiation. I propose that action oriented negotiators will display superior self-regulation ability, compared to state oriented negotiators. Specifically, action oriented negotiators will be able to adapt their response and concede less than state oriented negotiators, when a foreign counterpart displays anger. In two online studies, I measure how action oriented and state oriented negotiators respond to a display of anger from a foreign counterpart in an international negotiation. The first study of 159 negotiators showed that action oriented individuals conceded fewer points than state oriented individuals, regardless of whether the counterpart displayed anger. The second study of 260 negotiators showed that action oriented individuals can adapt their behaviour according to their level of power in an international negotiation when facing an angry counterpart. As far as I am aware, this research is one of the first to propose and test the salience of action orientation versus state orientation on displays of anger in international negotiations. My findings highlight the value of incorporating individual differences in negotiation studies and I propose their inclusion into the dominant theoretical framework of how negotiators respond to anger. In addition to extending the model, I discuss how understanding these personality differences can be useful for multinational companies and their international negotiators.</p>

The social effects of anger in international negotiations: The role of self-regulation and bargaining power

<p>This thesis addresses recent calls to investigate the influence of individual differences in a negotiation context. Specifically, I investigate the impact of the personality difference, action orientation versus state orientation, on concessionary behaviour in international negotiations. This personality difference was chosen because it measures a negotiator’s capacity to self-regulate (control their behaviour) in a cognitively demanding situation like an international negotiation. I propose that action oriented negotiators will display superior self-regulation ability, compared to state oriented negotiators. Specifically, action oriented negotiators will be able to adapt their response and concede less than state oriented negotiators, when a foreign counterpart displays anger. In two online studies, I measure how action oriented and state oriented negotiators respond to a display of anger from a foreign counterpart in an international negotiation. The first study of 159 negotiators showed that action oriented individuals conceded fewer points than state oriented individuals, regardless of whether the counterpart displayed anger. The second study of 260 negotiators showed that action oriented individuals can adapt their behaviour according to their level of power in an international negotiation when facing an angry counterpart. As far as I am aware, this research is one of the first to propose and test the salience of action orientation versus state orientation on displays of anger in international negotiations. My findings highlight the value of incorporating individual differences in negotiation studies and I propose their inclusion into the dominant theoretical framework of how negotiators respond to anger. In addition to extending the model, I discuss how understanding these personality differences can be useful for multinational companies and their international negotiators.</p>

China’s cybersecurity risks likely to outpace reform

Significance The law underlines the government’s effort to boost the cybersecurity of Chinese networks, especially of critical infrastructure. China presents itself as a major victim of cyberattacks, including from foreign actors, just as it draws growing criticism from Western governments as a leading sponsor of hacks, espionage operations and intrusions. Impacts Foreign cybersecurity services providers will have restricted access to China’s market. Chinese tech indigenisation could weaken its cybersecurity if domestic technology is less secure than its foreign counterpart. Beijing will counter but avoid publicly attributing cyberattacks to specific state-linked actors.

Evaluating the Antimicrobial Properties of Glass Ionomer, Zinc Phosphate, and Polycarboxylate Cement

Background and Aim: There exists increased demineralization risk of enamel adjacent to fixed orthodontic attachments by cariogenic bacterias (e.g., Streptpcoccus mutans, Streptpcoccus sobrinus) and inadequate data about commonly used orthodontic cements. Thus, we evaluated the antibacterial effects of three common domestic and foreign orthodontic cements (Glass ionomer, Zinc phosphate, & polycarboxylate) on two cariogenic pathogens (S. mutans & S. sobrinus). Methods & Materials: In this laboratory study, after culturing two standard strains of Streptococcus mutans and Subrinus bacteria and concentrating and diluting them, a direct contact test was used to evaluate the antibacterial properties of types of cement. The study groups (n=5) included the following: three types of glass ionomer resilience cement, Hoffman’s zinc phosphate and Hoffman’s polycarboxylate, and three glass ionomer cement, zinc phosphate, and carboxylate from Aria Dent factory in Iran. The acquired data were analyzed using SPSS v. 17. Ethical Considerations: The present study was approved by Babol University of Medical Sciences (Code: MUBABOL.REC.1391.7).Results: In both types of culture media, containing Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus subrinus bacteria, there was a significant difference between culture media containing 3 groups of cements respecting bacterial growth inhibition zone (P<0.001). In general, The mean diameter of the inhibition zone was greater in Iranian polycarboxylate, compared to its foreign counterpart (P<0.001). Results: Regarding to zone of inhibition, there was statistically significant difference between three tested cements in both S.mutans and S.sobrinus culturing media (P<0.001). The mean diameter of inhibition zone was greater for Iranian polycarboxylate compared to its foreign counterpart (P<0.001). Conclusion: Glass ionomer cement demonstrated better antibacterial effect compared to zinc phosphate and polycarboxylate cements. There was also greater antibacterial effect of three tested cements on S.sobrinus than S.mutans. Iranian polycarboxylate showed stronger inhibition on both mentioned bacterias compared to the foreign one.

[Rev.] Gorshkov M.K., Sheregi F.E. Molodezh’ Rossii v Zerkale Sotsiologii. K Itogam Mnogoletnikh Issledovanii. [Russian Youth in the Mirror of Sociology. To the Results of Many Years of Research.] Moscow: FNISC RAN publ., 2020

The fundamental work offered for consideration presents the results of fortyyear sociological research of the phenomenon of youth, one of the main goals ofwhich was to justify an effective youth policy. It is argued that overall the domestic version of sociology of youth, it being a sub-discipline of sociology, has a century of history and in a number of aspects is superior to its foreign counterpart. The book highlights how important it is in regards to socio-economic development and political progress for Russian youth to possess such qualities as morality, national orientation, a high level of culture, innovativeness, entrepreneurial spirit, health, all of which imply their active inclusion into social practices. To this end, it is necessary to modernize the system of youth policy management, strengthening the possibilities of effective interaction between the state, the youth community, social institutions and civil society.

Semantic Borrowing in Language Contact

After providing a general introduction to loan phenomena, which may be phonological, grammatical and syntactic, morphological or lexical, and commenting on the degree to which various different languages have borrowed elements from other languages, this chapter concentrates on the main types of semantic change triggered by language contact, and underlines the frequency of these processes. First, loanwords are distinguished from loan creations, which are new coinages made from loan material. Then pure loanwords are contrasted with loanblends. Pure loanwords are adopted wholesale, with little phonological or morphological change, while loanblends adopt only part of the form of a foreign lexical item. Loanshifts borrow the meaning, but the form is native. These include pure loan translations (calques), where the original morphemes are translated item by item. The more fanciful among these are called loan renditions, in which the translation of the foreign word is freer and less than literal. In semantic loan (semantic calque), a native word undergoes extension of its meaning on the model of a foreign counterpart. The second half of the chapter deals with the causes of semantic borrowing, and shows that it is often induced by formal similarity of cognates. In this section, attention is paid to pressure from the native language in second language acquisition, and the influence exerted on dialect by the standard language, or vice versa. The chapter ends with some examples of pragmatic borrowing.

Influence of High-Concentrated Heat Sources on Alloying Elements Transition into the Weld Metal

12Kh18N10T (foreign counterpart AISI 321) and 20Kh13 (foreign counterpart AISI 420) steel plates were welded using a conventional VDU-506 electronic arc welder and a Handy TIG 180 AC/DC Control Pro inverter. We determined regression equations describing the content correlation of chromium, nickel and manganese in the weld metal with the value of the heat input of the heat source. The type of the heat source has almost no influence on the extent of alloying elements transition into the weld metal (within the measurement accuracy) apart from using CL-9 electrodes.