Metrical Particularity

This chapter focuses on the flexible and complex operation of meter. The meter signature indicates a grouping of equal beats that is often repeated in the course of the piece; and there may be situations in which such beats can be felt even when they are not explicitly articulated. In many cases, one can, and often do, count pulses or beat time without consulting the notation. The notated or felt bar thus seems to be a privileged measure. Typically, the duration of the bar accommodates a comfortable projective potential. Although the bar is often a favorable environment for projection, projection itself is not limited to the bar and does not require a homogeneous train of pulses. If meter is identified with projection, there will be no reason to identify meter with bar or to presuppose an invariant procession of equal beats. In this case, the rhythmic particularity of a bar will be inseparable from its metrical particularity. And each measure or each metrical unit could be viewed as a unique projective situation in which uniqueness or particularity arises both from the measure's internal constitution and from its assimilation of prior events.

SPECULATIVE IDENTITY AS ABSOLUTE SELF MEDIATION: A FEW APPRAISALS OF THE HEGELIAN LOGIC

Hegelian speculative thought structures its movement through immediately reflected change of opposites. This exchange within elements isn’t merely shifting heterogeneous objects as it doesn’t concern objects’ ontological condition either. The speculative is the opening where the internal constitution and effectiveness of any element is questioned and revealed as simultaneous and immediate overcome of subject and object since the horizon of this opening concerns the absolute conditions of content and form and where the method self-reflected within premises is questioned too. For the true Concept of philosophy, Hegel shows, immediate beginning of knowledge is immediate beginning of Being; and advancement from pure indeterminateness to determinate being’s development supposes self-mediation of the same absolute immediacy, since ineluctably the speculative can’t admit suppositions’ arbitrariness. But such radical endeavor is accomplishable if the ultimate truth of Being (Wesen) is absolutely mediated immediacy — namely Actuality (Wirklichkeit) is the expression of absolutely self-mediated absolute immediate Identity. This fundamental principle is mirrored in the Trinitarian ground of the Hegelian speculative philosophy which is the main doctrinal postulate that permeates the entire metaphysical endeavor of the German thinker. In this, Hegel was singular, although the initiative of rebuilding philosophy without any prior supposition is not exclusively Hegelian. We can think about the Husserlian epoché as a project of redefining the limits of apodictic philosophy and the eidetic variation as the grounds for his fundamental insight (Einsicht). However, we have found that Husserlian phenomenology is yet deriving its entire structure within the realm of determinacy where the principle of determinate, and thus of formal identity, dominates. Hegelian identity is established precisely by an absolute rupture from formal relations and is an eminent case of a speculative opening towards the premises of a transcendent thinking whose eminence would ground the ultimate sight of genuine identity of appearance and essence, of thought and being. Keywords: Hegel, Husserl, Maldiney, speculative logic, absolute identity, immediacy, mediation, phenomenology.

Fields and matter

This chapter discusses the laws of relativistic dynamics for continuous media, namely, the ‘fields’ that mediate interactions in relativistic theories, and also fluids. The concept of field introduced by Faraday and formalized by Maxwell lies at the heart of contemporary physics. The intuitive idea behind this concept is, on the one hand, that massive bodies, owing to their internal constitution, impregnate space with what are called ‘fields’, potential entities which are only revealed by the presence of other bodies possessing the same type of charge. On the other hand, there is the idea that the interactions between these bodies, which determine their motion, are effected through the intermediary of these fields. This physical concept of a field is represented mathematically by one or several functions of points p in Minkowski spacetime.

International Heat Flow Commission: History and Accomplishments over the last fifty-five years

The study of the earth's internal heat plays an important role in understanding the Earth's origin, internal constitution, and plate tectonics. The outflow of heat from the Earth's interior is, energy-wise, the most impressive terrestrial phenomenon. The present rate of heat loss is estimated to be about 1021 joules per year, which is orders of magnitude greater than the energy dissipation of earthquakes or heat loss from volcanic eruptions. Knowledge of terrestrial heat flow is essential in investigating the internal thermal field of the Earth. Initially focus has been on measurements of underground temperatures and thermal properties of geologic materials, assessment of sources and sinks of heat, institution of global data base, development of thermal models of crust and qualification of geothermal energy resources. During later stages, other implications of heat flow studies has also been recognized in fields such as paleoclimatology, global warming, exploration geophysics and hydrogeology. The International Heat Flow Commission – IHFC plays a guiding role in development of such investigations.

Multi-scale finite element modeling of 3D printed structures subjected to mechanical loads

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of geometrical microstructure of items obtained by applying a three-dimensional (3D) printing technology on their mechanical strength. Design/methodology/approach Three-dimensional printed items (3DPI) are composite structures of complex internal constitution. The buildup of the finite element (FE) computational models of 3DPI is based on a multi-scale approach. At the micro-scale, the FE models of representative volume elements corresponding to different additive layer heights and different thicknesses of extruded fibers are investigated to obtain the equivalent non-linear nominal stress–strain curves. The obtained results are used for the creation of macro-scale FE models, which enable to simulate the overall structural response of 3D printed samples subjected to tensile and bending loads. Findings The validation of the models was performed by comparing the computed results against the experimental ones, where satisfactory agreement has been demonstrated within a marked range of thicknesses of additive layers. Certain inadequacies between computed against experimental results were observed in cases of thinnest and thickest additive layers. The principle explanation of the reasons of inadequacies takes into account the poorer quality of mutual adhesion in case of very thin extruded fibers and too-early solidification effect. Originality/value Flexural and tensile experiments are simulated by FE models that are created with consideration to microstructure of 3D printed samples.

19. Principles in European Union Foreign Policy

This chapter examines the normative principles underlying the European Union's foreign policy and whether there are inconsistencies therein. Drawing on a distinction between the principles of sovereignty, human rights, and a common good, the chapter challenges the notion that the EU is a distinctive foreign policy actor. Each of these principles points to a different perspective on how international politics should be organized, and each would take the EU's foreign policy in different directions. The chapter shows that the unresolved tensions in the EU's internal constitution, between its cosmopolitan vocation and the ambition of (EU) nation building, are also reflected in the EU foreign policy.