Axisymmetric Hybrid Nanofluid Flow Due to a Convectively Heated Stretching/Shrinking Disk

This significant study is designed to analyze the axisymmetric hybrid nanofluid flow with heat transfer on a convectively heated stretching/shrinking disk. The combination of metal (Cu) and metal oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles with water (H2O) as the base fluid is used for the analysis. Similarity transformation is adopted to reduce the complexity of the PDEs into a system of ODEs. The utilization of suction in maintaining the steady flow solution for the shrinking disk case discloses the presence of dual solutions. Besides, an upsurge of Biot number and suction’s strength enhances the heat transfer operation. The application of Cu-Al2O3/water nanofluid can extend the range of solutions’ existence and consequently, decelerate the separation of laminar flow.

Multi-objective optimization of thermophysical properties of f–Al2O3 nano-dispersions in heat transfer oil

Nanofluids are proven to be the next-generation smart fluids with tunable thermal and viscous properties. Nanomaterial concentration plays a vital role in determining the heat transfer and viscous transport characteristics. An optimum concentration is generally required to regulate a feasible and economical heat transfer operation. This research involves the modeling and optimizing different temperature-dependent thermal and viscous parameters for varying concentrations of nanofluids. The nanofluids consist of functionalized alumina (f–Al2O3) nano-dispersions in thermal oil (highly refined mineral oil). The experimentally measured temperature-dependent nanofluids' properties are used to optimize thermophysical parameters using Response Surface Methodology. Two case studies/scenarios are considered in the present research, where the primary objective is to maximize thermal conductivity for heat transfer applications and minimize nanoparticle loadings for economical operation. The input parameters include temperature and nanoparticle loadings. The output parameters or response include thermal conductivity, viscosity, density, and specific heat of nanofluids. For case study 1, the optimal findings for the thermal conductivity, viscosity, density, and specific heat are 0.146061 W/m °C, 0.031889 Pa.s, 838.529 kg/m3 and 1533.9 j/kg °C, respectively. For case study 2, the optimal findings for thermal conductivity, viscosity, density, and specific heat are 0.13476 W/m °C, 0.0226062 Pa.s, 831.071 kg/m3 and 1791.14 j/kg °C, respectively. Although the optimal value for thermal conductivity decreased in case study 2, the nanoparticle weight % was reduced from 1 to 0.322473%.

Summing up Smart Transitions

Some of the most significant high-level properties of currencies are the sums of certain account balances. Properties of such sums can ensure the integrity of currencies and transactions. For example, the sum of balances should not be changed by a transfer operation. Currencies manipulated by code present a verification challenge to mathematically prove their integrity by reasoning about computer programs that operate over them, e.g., in Solidity. The ability to reason about sums is essential: even the simplest ERC-20 token standard of the Ethereum community provides a way to access the total supply of balances.Unfortunately, reasoning about code written against this interface is non-trivial: the number of addresses is unbounded, and establishing global invariants like the preservation of the sum of the balances by operations like transfer requires higher-order reasoning. In particular, automated reasoners do not provide ways to specify summations of arbitrary length.In this paper, we present a generalization of first-order logic which can express the unbounded sum of balances. We prove the decidablity of one of our extensions and the undecidability of a slightly richer one. We introduce first-order encodings to automate reasoning over software transitions with summations. We demonstrate the applicability of our results by using SMT solvers and first-order provers for validating the correctness of common transitions in smart contracts.

Operation of Retraining Minor Offences into Misdemeanours in the People’s Poland

<p>In the period of the People’s Poland (1944–1989), ruled by the communists, Poland was in the sphere of influence of the Soviet Union. The Act on the Transfer of Certain Minor Offences as Offences to Criminal-Administrative Jurisdiction, passed in 1966, gave the status of a misdemeanour to a large group of existing offences against property and acts detrimental to consumer interests. The purpose of transferring these offences as misdemeanours to the jurisdiction of penal-administrative colleges was to relieve the courts of the burden of dealing with cases of minor offences. The transfer operation was accompanied by the introduction of a number of solutions in the field of criminal law, which created conditions for a more flexible criminal policy in cases of misdemeanours. The Transfer Act was fully incorporated into the Code of Misdemeanours adopted in 1971, the specific part of which includes another group of misdemeanours resulting from the transformation of existing offences. The Transfer Act finally placed the law on misdemeanours in the area of criminal law in its broadest sense, which resulted in a departure from the concept of the misdemeanours law, developed during the Stalinist period, as one of the branches of administrative law.</p>

Text Encryption based on Huffman Coding and ElGamal Cryptosystem

Background: Data which are in the form of text, audio, image and video are used everywhere in our modern scientific world. These data are stored in physical storage, cloud storage and other storage devices. Some of it are very sensitive and requires efficient security while storing as well as in transmitting from the sender to the receiver. Objective: With the increase in data transfer operation, enough space is also required to store these data. Many researchers have been working to develop different encryption schemes, yet there exist many limitations in their works. There is always a need for encryption schemes with smaller cipher data, faster execution time and low computation cost. Methods: A text encryption based on Huffman coding and ElGamal cryptosystem is proposed. Initially, the text data is converted to its corresponding binary bits using Huffman coding. Next, the binary bits are grouped and again converted into large integer values which will be used as the input for the ElGamal cryptosystem. Results: Encryption and Decryption are successfully performed where the data size is reduced using Huffman coding and advance security with the smaller key size is provided by the ElGamal cryptosystem. Conclusion: Simulation results and performance analysis specifies that our encryption algorithm is better than the existing algorithms under consideration.

16. Modern payment systems

This chapter examines modern payment systems for commercial transactions, where payment using physical notes and coins is clearly inappropriate. Various forms of payment mechanisms and payment systems have been developed. This chapter first considers the nature of a funds transfer and the terminology used to describe a funds transfer operation before discussing credit/debit transfers, clearing and settlement, clearing systems and clearing rules, and the duties of the banks involved in a funds transfer. Finally, the chapter also analyses countermand, completion of payment as between payer and payee, and unwanted payments.