Maria Sklodowska-Curie, Pierre Curie

On July 26, 1895, Pierre Curie and Maria Sklodowska were married. On June 23, 1903, Maria presented her doctoral dissertation “Investigation of radioactive substances” at the Sorbonne, which described the results of hard work in previous years, including the isolation of new elements - polonium and radium. In the same 1903, Marie and Pierre Curie were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics “in recognition of the exceptional services they rendered to science through the joint research of radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel”. She became the first female - laureate and remained the only one until 1935, when her daughter Irene was awarded the Nobel Prize. In 1911, Marie Curie received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry “for outstanding achievements in the development of chemistry: the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element”. Marie Curie became the first and to date the only woman in the world -twice the Nobel Prize winner. After many years, the proposal of Marie and Pierre Curie on the use of radium in medicine has been implemented at the present time. Studied and proved its effectiveness in the treatment of bone metastases of prostate cancer. The merits of these scientists before the whole world can hardly be overestimated. Humanity gratefully keeps a good memory for great discoveries for the benefit of people.

History Of Great Discoveries In Physics

History of great discoveries in physics french scientist AA Beckerel, german physicist VK Rentgen, english physicist, founder of nuclear physics, polish scientists E. Rutherford, french physicists Maria and Pierre Curie, german scientist G. Schmut, Russian chemist D.I. Mendeleev, english physicist and chemist F. Simple, romanian chemist and physicist G.Heveshi, austrian radiochemist and chemist F.Panet, english physicist J.D.Cockroft, Irish physicist E.T.S. Walton, the english physicist-experimenter J. Chedwick, is directly and indirectly associated with the names of the italian scientist E. Fermi.

Irène Curie (1897-1956)

Irène Curie nait à Paris en 1897. Elle est la fille ainée de Pierre Curie et Marie Sklodowska-Curie. Une année auparavant, Henri Becquerel a découvert un rayonnement étrange émis par les sels d’uranium. Marie décide d’en faire le sujet de ses travaux de thèse, bientôt suivie par Pierre, qui laisse de côté ses recherches sur le magnétisme.

False Chirality, Absolute Enantioselection and CP Violation: Pierre Curie’s Legacy

The 1884 suggestion of Pierre Curie (1859–1906) that the type of dissymmetry shown by collinear electric and magnetic fields may induce an enantiomeric excess, in a chemical reaction that would otherwise produce a racemic mixture, is explored in the context of fundamental symmetry arguments. Curie’s arrangement exhibits false chirality (time-noninvariant enantiomorphism), and so it may not induce absolute enantioselection (ae) in a process that has reached thermodynamic equilibrium, since it does not lift the degeneracy of chiral enantiomers. However, it may do so in far-from-equilibrium processes via a breakdown in microscopic reversibility analogous to that observed in elementary particle processes under the influence of CP violation, the associated force possessing false chirality with respect to CP enantiomorphism. In contrast, an influence like circularly polarized light exhibiting true chirality (time-invariant enantiomorphism) lifts the degeneracy of enantiomers, and so may induce ae in all circumstances. Although to date, ae has not been observed under the influence of Curie’s arrangement of collinear electric and magnetic fields, it is argued that two different experiments have now demonstrated ae under a falsely chiral influence in systems far from equilibrium, namely in a spinning sample under a gravitational field, and in the separation of enantiomers at a ferromagnetic surface.

Unstable Endings

In 1896, Henri Becquerel (1852–1908) had discovered, by chance, the phenomenon of radioactivity, after he found that uranium salts left on top of covered photographic plates produced an image on the plates when they were later developed. Soon afterwards, thorium was also found to be radioactive. In 1898 Marie Curie (née Sklodovska) realized that certain minerals were more ‘radioactive’ (a term she first introduced) than could be rationalized by the amount of uranium or thorium that they contained. She guessed that they might contain trace amounts of an even more radioactive element, and during the long purification process, she eventually realized that two such elements were present. The naming of the first of these, discovered in July 1898, is described by her daughter Eve Curie in her biography of her mother: . . . ‘You will have to name it,’ Pierre said to his young wife, in the same tone as if it were a question of choosing a name for little Irène [their first daughter]. The one-time Mlle Sklodovska reflected in silence for a moment. Then, her heart turning toward her own country which had been erased from the map of the world, she wondered vaguely if the scientific event would be published in Russia, Germany and Austria—the oppressor countries—and answered timidly: ‘Could we call it “polonium”?’ . . . Marie Curie named the element after her homeland, Poland, but the country did not exist as a separate entity at that time, and her choice was something of a political statement. The second element discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie was found to be millions of times more radioactive than uranium. This element they called ‘radium’ because of its intense radioactivity. Over three and a half years later, when they finally isolated a tenth of a gram of purified radium salts from tonnes of pitchblende ore, the Curies were delighted to find that the substance was spontaneously luminous. After the discovery that uranium and thorium were radioactive, in September 1899, Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937) made a further discovery: ‘In addition to this ordinary radiation, I have found that thorium compounds continuously emit radio-active particles of some kind, which retain their radio-active powers for several minutes.

Opticien célèbre. Marie Skłodowska-Curie

Marie Skłodowska‐Curie a été pionnière dans l’étude du phénomène de radioactivité et a découvert le radium et le polonium, deux éléments largement plus radioactifs que l’uranium. Elle est la première femme à obtenir un prix Nobel (physique en 1903), la première personne à obtenir 2 prix Nobel et la seule personne à ce jour à s’être vue décerner 2 prix Nobel dans deux disciplines scientifiques distinctes (physique et chimie). Elle partage le premier prix Nobel de physique avec Henri Becquerel et Pierre Curie sur l’étude de la radioactivité et elle reçoit le second prix Nobel de chimie en 1911 pour ses contributions à l’extraction et la purification du radium et à son étude, notamment en le situant dans le tableau de Mendeleiev.

O Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie w 150. rocznicę urodzin

The article regards the celebrations of the 150th anniversary of the birth of Marie Sklodowska-Curie − a discoverer of polonium and radium, twice decorated with a Noble Prize, the first woman professor of the Sorbonne, who in the ranking organized by the periodical New Scientist was considered the most outstanding and inspiring scientist of all time. In her youth, many universities (among them also Polish) were closed to women, so Marie Skłodowska studied at the Sorbonne in Paris. When, after her studies, she was not accepted as an assistant at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków (Poland), Marie Skłodowska came back to Paris, married Pierre Curie and started her scientific work in his humble lab. The scientific achievements of Maria Skłodowska-Curie were a breakthrough in the history of exact sciences and the basis for the application of new methods in oncological therapies. For modern scientists she is a timeless source of inspiration and is admired not only for her scientific achievements but also for her courage in breaking barriers and helping to redefine the role of women in society and science. On November 7, 2017, we celebrated the 150th anniversary of Marie Skłodowska-Curie’s birth. In Poland and abroad many events were organized during the whole year of 2017 to commemorate her life and achievements. Some of them, as well as some aspects of Skłodowska-Curie’s life and work are described in this paper.

Implementation of raindrops energy collector board using piezoelectric transducer

Indonesia is a country that has a fairly high rainfall, because it is located in the tropical area. This condition could be a potential for generating electrical energy from raindrops. If the heavy raindrop collide the piezoelectric materials, it can generate electrical energy. The piezoelectric effect was discovered by Jacques and Pierre Curie in 1880. They found that certain materials, when subjected to mechanical strain, suffered an electrical polarization that was proportional to the applied strain. This piezoelectric effect converts mechanical strain into electrical voltage. The molecular structure of piezoelectric materials produces a coupling between electrical and mechanical domains. In this research, raindrops will be exploited to produce electric voltage by piezoelectric transducer. Piezoelectric transducer used in this research is Lead Zirconate Titanate type. Energy conversion processing occurred when raindrop collide the polymer layer of piezoelectric and make an unelastic thrust on its surface. The designed system consists of raindrops collector board and serial connected piezoelectric transducer. From system above, highest voltage, reach is 3.13 VAC for 30 piezoelectric and the average voltage is 2.617 V. This results show us the potential usage of raindrops energy generator using piezoelectric transducer for tropical countries.