History Of Great Discoveries In Physics

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (03) ◽  
pp. 64-69
Author(s):  
Mahmudov Yusup G’anievich ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Physics ◽  
German Scientist ◽  
German Physicist ◽  
Pierre Curie ◽  
History Of ◽  
English Physicist

History of great discoveries in physics french scientist AA Beckerel, german physicist VK Rentgen, english physicist, founder of nuclear physics, polish scientists E. Rutherford, french physicists Maria and Pierre Curie, german scientist G. Schmut, Russian chemist D.I. Mendeleev, english physicist and chemist F. Simple, romanian chemist and physicist G.Heveshi, austrian radiochemist and chemist F.Panet, english physicist J.D.Cockroft, Irish physicist E.T.S. Walton, the english physicist-experimenter J. Chedwick, is directly and indirectly associated with the names of the italian scientist E. Fermi.

Opioids: God’s Own Medicine

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerrold Winter
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Natural Product ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Papaver Somniferum ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
German Scientist ◽  
Provide Pain Relief ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

Albert Schweitzer called pain “a more terrible lord of mankind than even death.” Thus, it is not surprising that humans have from the earliest times attempted to identify plants which might provide pain relief. The Odyssey by Homer provides a mythic account of the use of one such agent. . . . Then Helen, daughter of Zeus, took other counsel. Straightaway she cast into the wine of which they were drinking a drug to quit all pain and strife, and bring forgetfulness of every ill. Whoso should drink this down, when it is mingled in the bowl, would not in the course of that day let a tear fall down over his cheeks, no, not though his mother and father should lie there dead . . . Such cunning drugs had the daughter of Zeus, drugs of healing, which Polydamna, the wife of Thor, had given her, a woman of Egypt, for there the earth, the giver of grain, bears the greatest store of drugs . . . . . . More than a century ago, it was suggested by Oswald Schmiedeberg, a German scientist regarded by many as the father of modern pharmacology, that the drug to which Homer refers is opium for “no other natural product on the whole earth calls forth in man such a psychical blunting as the one described.” When today, in the fields of Afghanistan or Turkey or India, the seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, is pierced, a milky fluid oozes from it which, when dried, is opium. Virginia Berridge, in her elegant history of opium in England, tells us that the effects of opium on the human mind have probably been known for about 6,000 years and that opium had an honored place in Greek, Roman, and Arabic medicine. I will not dwell on that ancient history but will instead jump ahead to the 17th century by which time opium had gained wide use in European medicine.

The emergence of the principle of symmetry in physics

2004 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHAUL KATZIR
Keyword(s):  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Causal Processes ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Pierre Curie ◽  
History Of ◽  
French Tradition ◽  
Qualitative Argument ◽  
Interdisciplinary Study ◽  
Physical Phenomena ◽  
Asymmetric Matter

ABSTRACT: In 1894 Pierre Curie formulated rules for relations between physical phenomena and their symmetry. The symmetry concept originated in the geometrical study of crystals, which it served as a well-defined concept from the 1830s. Its extension as a rule for all physics was a gradual and slow process in which applications, though often partial, preceded the formulation and clear conceptualization of the rules. Two traditions that involved ““interdisciplinary”” study were prominent in applying consideration of symmetry to physics. One is a French tradition of physical crystallography that linked crystalline structure and form to their physical, chemical and even biological qualities, which drew back to Haüüy, and included Delafosse, Pasteur, Senarmont, and Curie. This tradition (until Curie) employed qualitative argument in deducing physical properties. A mathematical approach characterizes the second tradition of Franz Neumann and his students. During the 1880s two members of this tradition, Minnigerode and Voigt, formulated rules of symmetry and implicitly recognized their significance. Yet, until 1894 both traditions studied only crystalline or other asymmetric matter. Then, Curie, who drew on the two traditions, extended the rules of symmetry to any physical system including fields and forces. Although originated in a specific idealistic ontological context, symmetry served also adherents of molecular materialism and was eventually found most effective for a phenomenological approach, which avoided any commitment to a specific view of nature or causal processes. Therefore, the rule of symmetry resembles the principles of thermodynamics. Its emergence suggests parallels to the history of energy conservation.

The Strange Case of Helium and the Nuclear Atom

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Electric Charge ◽  
Nuclear Physics ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
History Of ◽  
Established Fact ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Gamma Radiations ◽  
Nuclear Atom

It is often taken as a matter of established fact that the difference between a good scientist and a great scientist is the ability to distinguish in advance which problems are going to be the important ones. I think this belief is a reflection of the fact that history is written by the winners: Professor X chooses a problem and with much hard work solves it, but it turns out not to have important consequences, so it and he are forgotten; Professor Y does the same, but this time the result spurs further work or even opens new and unforeseeable regions of science, so he naturally feels that his “intuition” was correct. But how do you distinguish his intuition from a lucky guess? I suggest that a study of the history of science tells us that luck plays a significant part. Consider, for example, Lord Rutherford’s discovery of the nuclear atom—perhaps the most important experimental discovery of the twentieth century, in that it led to quantum theory and the whole of nuclear physics. To set the stage: By the first few years of the twentieth century it had been determined that there were three kinds of radioactive emissions, termed alpha, beta, and gamma rays. The gamma rays were electromagnetic in nature, the beta rays were electrons, and Rutherford had just shown that the alpha rays were in fact helium; or rather, as he put it, the alpha rays were a stream of particles zipping along at roughly 10,000 miles per second which, after they slowed down and lost their electric charge, became helium atoms. (He didn’t realize at the time that they “lost” their positive electric charge by picking up negatively charged electrons.) What next? Well, the natural thing to do was to see how these radioactive emissions interacted with matter. This had already been done with the beta and gamma radiations: a stream of these radiations had been directed at various targets, and such parameters as their depth of penetration and ionizing capabilities had been measured, with no particular insights gained (an example of Professor X’s work).

scholarly journals Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn, 3 December 1886 - 24 September 1978

1991 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 427-444 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Physics ◽  
Nobel Laureate ◽  
Experimental Physics ◽  
X Ray ◽  
History Of ◽  
Research Institute

Manne Siegbahn, Nobel laureate for his discoveries and investigations in X-ray spectroscopy, and creator of Sweden’s first research institute for nuclear physics, occupies one of the most honourable places in the history of Swedish experimental physics.

The quest for the Brazilian synchrocyclotron

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANA M. RIBEIRO DE ANDRADE ◽  
R.P.A. MUNIZ
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Nuclear Physics ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Nuclear Technology ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Particle Accelerators ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military

ABSTRACT Early efforts to bring particle accelerators into Brazil exemplify the interactions between advanced scientific countries and the periphery in the years 1948––1956 and between the history of science and the history of foreign affairs. The physicists Cesar Lattes, Ernest Lawrence, Herbert Anderson, Isidor Rabi, and Rear Admiral ÁÁlvaro Alberto played central roles in these efforts. The story brings out the role of the military and scientists acting within the Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fíísicas and the Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas to promote nuclear physics research aimed at the development of nuclear technology in Brazil. The decision-making process involved science, politics, secret agreements, and international affairs.

British and American views of the German menace in World War I

1979 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-121 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Nuclear Physics ◽  
American Physical Society ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Nuclear Physics ◽  
American Physical

At a Symposium on the History of Nuclear Physics, the distinguished Caltech astrophysicist and recent president of the American Physical Society, Willy Fowler, was asked to comment on the concept of internationalism in science. ‘There are nationalistic tendencies, to be sure’, he responded, ‘but they are subordinated to scientists’ love of travel’. By and large, nationalistic tendencies have been suppressed, if not in favour of hedonism, then surely in deference to hymns of praise to the brotherhood of science.

scholarly journals Simulation and R&D: Knowing and Making

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-49
Author(s):  
Jordan Gowanlock
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Dynamic Simulation ◽  
Nuclear Physics ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Simulation Tools ◽  
Prediction Tools ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
History Of

AbstractThis chapter of Animating Unpredictable Effects charts the development of the software tools used to create uncanny simulation-based digital animations, drawing a genealogy that starts with nineteenth century mathematics, which were transformed into management and prediction tools by private and military R&D between the 1940s and 1980s. Through this, the chapter identifies a connection between these animation tools and simulation tools used in fields as diverse as meteorology, nuclear physics, and aeronautics that create unpredictability through stochastic or dynamic simulation. Using this information, the chapter offers a theoretical framework for understanding how fictional simulations in animation and visual effects make meaning through “knowing how” as opposed to cinema’s tradition approach of “knowing that,” leveraging concepts from the history of science.

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