Paradigms and paradoxes: fractional electron charge

There is hardly a generic connection between the partial atomic charges, a useful concept in chemistry, and the “fractionalization” of the electron accomplished under extreme experimental conditions in solid samples. Nonetheless, there is a relationship on a philosophical level. There is no information of who first introduced the concept of partial atomic charges in chemistry. In contrast, the physicists whose experiment turned the electron into excitations carrying a partial charge and whose theory provided the interpretation received the Nobel Prize for their discoveries.

Advanced Java ME Programming

Chapter XI introduced the basics of Java ME programming. This chapter will build on this, focusing on advanced Java ME programming. The following two major topics will be discussed: • Persistent storage: This refers to the type of storage embedded in handheld devices. Random access memory loses its contents when the power is off, but the contents of persistent storage are preserved even when the power is off. Flash memory, and very occasionally hard disks, are usually used for this kind of storage. • Network connection: Many client-side applications such as weather reports and location-based applications require a network connection. The generic Connection framework of MIDP can be used for this purpose. Although these two chapters, Chapters XI and XII, introduce Java ME programming to readers, it is not possible to fully cover Java ME programming in only two chapters. For a deeper understanding, readers can consult the section on Java ME References provided later in this chapter for more information.

PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE VIRUS OF VESICULAR STOMATITIS OF HORSES

A taxonomic study of the virus of vesicular stomatitis is presented along with evidence additional to that already reported1 to show the similarity of this virus to that of foot-and-mouth disease. The connection of the two is discussed and the deduction drawn that their generic relationship is close. On the contrary, the differences between these two viruses and the herpetic are sufficiently marked to indicate a lack of generic connection among the three. The results of a comparative study on the effects of particular wave-lengths and energies of monochromatic ultra-violet light on the virus and on Staphylococcus aureus reveal that the adsorption of specific energies by the two is parallel. Since the adsorption of specific energies is an index of chemical character, these experiments suggest that the virus is similar in character and chemical constitution to bacterial protoplasm.