Difunctionalization of Alkenes and Alkynes via Intermolecular Radical and Nucleophilic Additions

Popular and readily available alkenes and alkynes are good substrates for the preparation of functionalized molecules through radical and/or ionic addition reactions. Difunctionalization is a topic of current interest due to its high efficiency, substrate versatility, and operational simplicity. Presented in this article are radical addition followed by oxidation and nucleophilic addition reactions for difunctionalization of alkenes or alkynes. The difunctionalization could be accomplished through 1,2-addition (vicinal) and 1,n-addition (distal or remote) if H-atom or group-transfer is involved in the reaction process. A wide range of moieties, such as alkyl (R), perfluoroalkyl (Rf), aryl (Ar), hydroxy (OH), alkoxy (OR), acetatic (O2CR), halogenic (X), amino (NR2), azido (N3), cyano (CN), as well as sulfur- and phosphorous-containing groups can be incorporated through the difunctionalization reactions. Radicals generated from peroxides or single electron transfer (SET) agents, under photoredox or electrochemical reactions are employed for the reactions.

A digital workflow from crystallographic structure to single crystal particle attributes for predicting the formulation properties of terbutaline sulfate

A detailed inter-molecular (synthonic) analysis of terbutaline sulfate, an ionic addition salt for inhalation drug formulation, is related to its crystal morphology, the surface chemistry of the habit faces and hence to its crystal surface energy.

Electrophilic cleavage of cyclopropanes. III. The reaction of molecular bromine with tetracyclo[3.2.0.02,7.04,6]heptane1,2

The ionic addition of molecular bromine to tetracyclo[3.2.0.02,7•04,6]heptane (quadricyclene) has been investigated in a variety of solvent Systems. Depending upon the nature of the solvent, three or more of six dibromo and five solvent-incorporated adducts are isolable. A mechanism involving a series of ion-pairs and competitive edge-on vs. corner (end-on) attack is proposed.