Property Rights and Investment in Agriculture: Evidence from Cuddalore District of Tamil Nadu, India

ABSTRACT Property rights must ensure confidence to the landholder in resource use, investment, and sustainable management. However, the rights vary according to the land title and tenure. It is pertinent to study the dimensions of property rights and their impact on short and long-term investment on land. The rights of the inheritance, purchase, private rental lands, and trust rental lands determines the investment on land. Farmers owning inheritance, purchase, and trust rental sites have security and transferability compared to private rental sites, thereby influencing the investment in lands. Secure property rights of inheritance and purchase sites have led the farmers to invest both in short and long-term investments. Even though the trust rental lands are long-term leases, the tenants have invested only in short-term investments and are reluctant to invest in long-term investments as their rights are incomplete. As a whole, the type of tenure determines security, transferability, and investment on land. Secure property rights encourage investment in the land and ensure sustainable management of land and agriculture.

From democracy at others’ expense to externalization at democracy’s expense: Property-based personhood and citizenship struggles in organized and flexible capitalism

This contribution investigates the anthropological foundations of European democracies’ continuous entanglement with economic and military expansionism and a hierarchical separation between public and private spheres, both of which have enabled the appropriation of nature and others’ labour as property on which citizens’ abstract personhood could be founded. Drawing on an argument made by David Graeber, it is suggested that modern European history can be interpreted as a process of the ‘generalization of avoidance’, in which such abstract, property-based forms of personhood, which were initially what defined the superior party in relations of hierarchy, came to be a model for the figures of market participant and citizen within the spheres of formal equal exchange of economy and politics. From this perspective, and building on an account of different stages of capitalist history as ‘subjectivation regimes’, the article then analyses the transition from the ‘exclusive democracy’ of post-war organized capitalism in Western Europe, in which citizens’ entitlement, through the collective guarantees of ‘social property’ (Castel), increasingly allowed individualized competitive practices of status attainment and gave rise to individualist movements for extended citizenship, to current-day flexible capitalism. This regime, seizing on those calls and instrumentalizing the desires for competitive status consumption, has effected a broad restructuring of the social as a unified field of competition in which new hierarchies and inequalities materialize in global chains of appropriation, causing a ‘dividual’ fragmentation of property-based personhood and generating calls for responsible citizenship as an inherent counter-movement. In conclusion, it is suggested that anthropologists have much to contribute to investigating the possibility of democratic, post-capitalist ‘anthropologies of degrowth’.

Boundaries in space and time: iconic biases across modalities

The idea that the form of a word reflects information about its meaning has its roots in Platonic philosophy, and has been experimentally investigated for concrete, sensory-based properties since the early 20th century. Here, we provide evidence for an abstract property of ‘boundedness’ that introduces a systematic, iconic bias on the phonological expectations of a novel lexicon. We show that this abstract property is general across events and objects. In Experiment 1, we show that subjects are systematically more likely to associate sign language signs that end with a gestural boundary with telic verbs (denoting events with temporal boundaries, e.g., die, arrive) and with count nouns (denoting objects with spatial boundaries, e.g., ball, coin). In Experiments 2-3, we show that this iconic mapping acts on conceptual representations, not on grammatical features. Specifically, the mapping does not carry over to psychological nouns (e.g. people are not more likely to associate a gestural boundary with idea than with knowledge). Although these psychological nouns are still syntactically encoded as either count or mass, they do not denote objects that are conceived of as having spatial boundaries. The mapping bias thus breaks down. Experiments 4-5 replicate these findings with a new set of stimuli. Finally, in Experiments 6-11, we explore possible extensions to a similar bias for spoken language stimuli, with mixed results. Generally, the results here suggest that ‘boundedness’ of words’ referents (in space or time) has a powerful effect on intuitions regarding the form that the words should take.

The IMPLEMENTASI CAESAR CIPHER & ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDAR (AES) PADA PENGAMANAN DATA PAJAK BUMI BANGUNAN

: Property tax as one source of local revenue has an important role in the progress of the village. Management of property Tax data in general at the village level still uses the usual number management application. While the property tax data needs to be secured because it is classified as confidential data, which has the potential to cause damage if accessed by unauthorized persons. To maintain the security aspects of the information, a cryptographic system can be used which provides encryption and data description facilities. The cryptographic system used is Caesar Cipher's super encryption and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) -128-EBC. To test the encryption quality of this cryptographic system an experimental method is used, by comparing the ciphertext file size, encryption time, entropi value, correlation value, histogram graph and avalanche effect. The test results obtained by Caesar Cipher and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) -128-EBC cryptographic systems, have good correlation and entropy values ​​with better avalanche effect values ​​compared to the AES algorithm alone. Keywords: aes-128-ebc, caesar cipher, confidential, encryption, tax Abstrak : Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan sebagai salah satu sumber pendapatan asli daerah memiliki peranan penting dalam kemajuan desa. Pengelolaan data Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan secara umum di tingkat desa masih menggunakan aplikasi pengelola angka biasa. Sedangkan data Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan (pbb) perlu diamankan karena tergolong ke dalam data confidential, yang mana berpotensi menimbulkan kerusakan apabila diakses oleh orang yang tidak berwenang. Untuk menjaga aspek kemananan informasi tersebut, dapat digunakan sistem kriptografi yang didalamnya menyediakan fasilitas enkripsi dan deskripsi data. Sistem kriptografi yang digunakan adalah super enkripsi Caesar Cipher dan Advanced Encryption Standart (AES)-128-EBC. Untuk menguji kualitas enkripsi sistem kriptografi ini digunakan metode eksperimen, dengan membandingkan ukuran file cipherteks, waktu enkripsi, nilai entropi, nilai korelasi, grafik histogram dan avalanche effect. Hasil pengujian didapat sistem kriptografi Caesar Cipher dan Advanced Encryption Standart (AES)-128-EBC ini, memiliki nilai korelasi dan entropi yang tergolong bagus dengan nilai avalanche effect yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan algoritma AES saja. Kata kunci: aes-128-ebc, caesar cipher, enkripsi, pajak, rahasia

KONSEP HARTA DAN KEPEMILIKANNYA MENURUT HUKUM ISLAM

Property is a primary need for humans to support life in this world, so as to carry out worship to Allah swt well. Nevertheless, the Qur'an warns that property must be obtained in a desired manner of Islamic law, and are used in places that have goodness according to Islamic law required. A principle developed by Islamic law to the problem of property is the rules do not set definitely in the Quran and Hadis, but the general principles are put forward, which must be followed by everyone who tried to get the property. islamic law requires in acquiring and managing property to note of the following principles; 1) property acquired and owned is not of the type that is unclean and dangerous to humans; 2) the way to obtain the property is done by humane methods, such as buying and selling is done by the parties by not deceive one another, bless one another and be honest when covenant; 3) as the party who has the authority to carry out property, Islamic law mentioned basic requirements that need to be considered, namely a maximum adult age (minimum 18 years) and has a ruysd (smart) characteristic, that is the ability to carry out property in accordance with the rule of Islamic law. By following all the things that have been mentioned, then property can be valued provides benefit to humans, both in keeping religion or maintaining the human body and soul (mukallaf). Keywords: property, ownership and Islamic law.

The London Auction Mart and the Marketability of Real Estate in England, 1808–1864

This article considers the cultural work of commoditization through the example of the London Auction Mart and the market for real estate in early nineteenth-century England. The auctioneers who founded this exchange sought to reconfigure the organization of property sales in an institution that would bring order and transparency to a world of informal institutions, local markets, and private exchange. The Auction Mart made visible the idea of a universal, abstract property market. At the same time, it offered a new social and cultural space in which to negotiate the often contradictory meanings of marketable property. This work of making the property market meaningful is told through institutional archives, published accounts, diaries, and estate correspondence.