The investigation influence of high carbon technical filler on the properties of the plantar rubber

The article investigates the influence of the high-carbon technical filler of the RP-CARBON series of three brands RP-C 100, RP-C 150 and RP-C 200, differing in the size of microparticles, on the properties of the rubber mixture which used for the manufacture of rubber shoe soles. The investigation influence of replacement of technical carbon grades TU N 330 and TU P 803 on high-carbon technical filler in the plantar rubber compound based on the combination of SKI-3 and SKMS-30ARKM-15 caoutchoucs has been investigated. The rubber mixture contained caoutchoucs, vulcanizing agent sulfur, vulcanization accelerators thiazole 2 MBS and guanid F, vulcanization activators zinc oxide and stearic acid, antioxidant naphtham-2; plasticizers rosin and industrial oil I-8A; chalk fillers and carbon blacks of grades TU N 330 and TU P 803. The plasto-elastic, rheometric properties of the rubber mixture and the physicomechanical properties of vulcanizates, as well as the change of these properties after thermal aging of vulcanizates in air were studied. It was established that with replacement of technical carbon grades TU N 330 and TU P 803 with high-carbon technical filler, the plantar rubber mixture has satisfactory technological, physicomechanical and operational properties. Rubber mixture containing 11 weith parts high-carbon technical filler brand RP-C 100 instead of carbon black TU P 803, characterized by improved technological properties during calendering and can be recommended for the manufacture of sole rubber based on non-polar rubbers.

Introduction to the Plant Theory

This article is a short introduction to the Plant theory. It describes the application of the theory with the use of the Remedy code. The Remedy code is a short code of seven digits or numbers that describe the position and classification of each plant. It is a kind of short Materia Medica. The first digit stands for the kingdom, which is 3 in the case of the Plant kingdom. The next three digits stand for series as known from the Element theory. The next two digits, digits 5 and 6, stand for Phases. Phases are similar to the Stages of the Element theory. The difference is that there are 8 Phases, in contrast to the 18 Stages. The Phases are linked to the eight columns of the Carbon series and Silicon series of the Periodic system. The last digit, digit 7, stands for the Stage as known from the Element theory.

Reactions of hydriodic acid with aldonolactones and n-alkanolactones. Interconversions between lactones and iodocarboxylic acids

Aldonolactones containing from four to eight carbon atoms, and lactones of the related monohydroxy-n-alkanoic acids, were subjected to reaction with 57% hydriodic acid at 125 °C. As in the classical studies of Kiliani, the reduction of D-glycero-D-ido-heptono-1,4-lactone yielded mainly γ-heptanolactone. Analogously, the corresponding γ-alkanolactones were obtained as major products from the 1,4-lactones of the D-xylono-, D-allono-, and D-erythro-L-talo-octono configuration. Monoiodo-n-alkanoic acids were also formed in admixture with the lactones in all of these reactions. D-Erythrono-1,4-lactone was unique among the aldonolactones in that it led only to an acid, i.e., 3-iodo-n-butanoic acid. The latter was also the product of the non-reductive reaction of hydriodic acid with β-butyrolactone whereas, by contrast, γ-butyrolactone afforded 4-iodobutanoic acid. Among compounds in the five to eight carbon series, it was found that under conditions close to equilibrium the ratio of lactone to iodoacid decreased progressively with the length of the carbon chain; e.g., in the 4 h reactions of γ-valero-, γ-capro-, γ-heptano-, and γ-octanolactone, the ratios were 2.4, 1.2, 0.2, and 0.1, respectively. An accompanying characteristic of these reactions is a progression in the number of isomeric iodoacids formed. Whereas γ-valerolactone was accompanied by 4-iodopentanoic acid, there were two isomers (4- and 5-) of iodohexanoic acid, three monoiodo- (including 6-iodo-) heptanoic acids, and four (including 7-iodo-) octanoic acids. In all instances, the isomer substituted at the penultimate carbon was major. An interplay of several individual reactions, including ring-opening displacements, eliminations–additions, and rearrangements, as well as a probable influence of entropy changes on the lactone-acid equilibria, appear to account largely for these observations.

Surface areas of 1-palmitoyl phosphatidylcholines and their interactions with cholesterol

1-Palmitoyl phosphatidylcholines (1-palmitoyl PCs), in which the 2-position was occupied respectively by C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C14:1, n-7, C16:0, C16:1, n-7, C18:0, C18:1(t), n-9, C18:1, n-9, C18:2, n-6, C18:3, N-3, C18:3, n-6, C18:3(5t,9,12), C22:0, C22:1, n-9, C22:2, n-6, C22:3, n-3, C22:4, n-6, C22:5, n-6 or C22:6, n-3 fatty acids, were studied as monolayer films at the air/water interface. Results for molecular area indicated that the areas of the PC (phosphatidylcholine) did not continuously decrease as the length of one chain increased. For series of saturated, monoenoic and dienoic 1-palmitoyl PCs the smallest molecular area was occupied by the PC containing a 20-carbon acid at the 2-position. In the 18-carbon series, introduction of the first and third cis double bonds caused a large increase in molecular area, but in the 22-carbon series the first and second cis double bonds produced large increases in molecular area. Molecules containing three or more cis double bonds varied little in molecular area, regardless of chain length (18-22 carbon atoms). The influence of a trans double bond was intermediate between that of a saturated and a cis double bond. The 18- and 22-carbon series of PCs were studied in mixed monolayers with cholesterol and desmosterol. Condensation of molecular areas occurred in all sterol PC mixed films, and similar results were obtained with cholesterol and desmosterol. Condensation of PC containing a cis or trans double bond within 10 carbon atoms of the carboxy group initially increased with increasing surface pressure. Condensation of other PCs decreased as surface pressure increased. All cis- or trans-unsaturated PCs condensed maximally in mixtures of approximately equimolar ratios with sterols, but saturated PCs condensed to the greatest extent in mixtures that contained about 30 mol% sterol.