Effects of freezing on ability to detect Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from bovine tissues following culture

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the bacterium that causes Johne’s disease in cattle. Although infected cattle can be identified by examining fecal, blood, or milk samples, the gold standard is identification of MAP in tissue samples postmortem. Although tissue samples are commonly frozen, the ability to detect MAP in frozen–thawed tissue samples has apparently not been reported. We therefore determined the ability to detect MAP in tissue samples following freezing. Tissue samples were collected from calves that were either inoculated (IN) 3 mo prior, or contact-exposed (CE) for 3 mo. Following autopsy, tissues were immediately processed for culture, followed by DNA extraction and detection by qPCR. Samples were categorized as positive or negative based on the cycle threshold (Ct) value. The remaining unprocessed tissue samples were frozen at −80°C. After 18 mo, 50 tissue samples designated MAP-positive were thawed and processed for detection of MAP. Four (8%) samples were qPCR-negative, and Ct values of the remaining 46 samples were higher after freezing. Given the small numerical change in Ct values for MAP-positive samples after 18 mo of frozen storage, freezing and thawing may have had some deleterious effects on MAP detection in tissues. Although the decrease in ability to detect MAP-positive samples was minor for IN calves, there may be a greater effect for CE calves that should be considered when freezing tissue samples.

The Development of Nanotechnologies and Advanced Materials Industry in Science and Entrepreneurship: Socioeconomic and Technical Indicators. A Case Study of Latvia (Part Two)

Part two of the in-depth scientific study clarifies the significant social and technical indicators of the development of nano-field at the macro, micro, and meso development levels of the economic environment in Latvia in the framework of the given theme. The analytical assessment of numerical change in socioeconomic and technical factors clearly demonstrates the interaction of nano-field with the development of science and manufacture, as found out in the study. The identified indicators are proposed to use for research, comparison and implementation in any other country of the world.

Constants of Communication. Quantity in Language System and Semantics of Change in Speech Structure

Alongside the category of multitude within the expression of definite quantity presentation as a set of properties, defining the quantity of a phenomenon there is the reflection of quantity change. The multitude in its change is designated and the count as the object determination reflected. It is phenomenon of the quantity increase and decrease. The numerical change takes place in the reality and it occurrence objective definition; its singleness and articulation are in language mind made. Some correlations between dynamic spheres are formed up. The basic idea of this system exists. Its intrinsic constituents are in the correlation with its statement noted. The quantitative changing as the semantic problem is in the working described. The logical scheme of quantitative changing, its language structures, the semantic series quantitative changing correlation, is noted. The quantitative expression means and modes aggregate, their organization in the Russian language system is described and analyzed. The changes in the expression means of quantity amount in the contemporary Russian language, their cognitive motivation are fixed; their information range and system role and the statement are revealed.

Constants of Communication. Quantity in Language System and Semantics of Change in Speech Structure

Alongside the category of multitude within the expression of definite quantity presentation as a set of properties, defining the quantity of a phenomenon there is the reflection of quantity change. The multitude in its change is designated and the count as the object determination reflected. It is phenomenon of the quantity increase and decrease. The numerical change takes place in the reality and it occurrence objective definition; its singleness and articulation are in language mind made. Some correlations between dynamic spheres are formed up. The basic idea of this system exists. Its intrinsic constituents are in the correlation with its statement noted. The quantitative changing as the semantic problem is in the working described. The logical scheme of quantitative changing, its language structures, the semantic series quantitative changing correlation, is noted. The quantitative expression means and modes aggregate, their organization in the Russian language system is described and analyzed. The changes in the expression means of quantity amount in the contemporary Russian language, their cognitive motivation are fixed; their information range and system role and the statement are revealed.

An Activation Method of Topic Dictionary to Expand Training Data for Trend Rule Discovery

This paper improves a method which predicts whether evaluation objects such as companies and products are to be attractive in near future. The attractiveness is evaluated by trend rules. The trend rules represent relationships among evaluation objects, keywords, and numerical changes related to the evaluation objects. They are inductively acquired from text sequential data and numerical sequential data. The method assigns evaluation objects to the text sequential data by activating a topic dictionary. The dictionary describes keywords representing the numerical change. It can expand the amount of the training data. It is anticipated that the expansion leads to the acquisition of more valid trend rules. This paper applies the method to a task which predicts attractive stock brands based on both news headlines and stock price sequences. It shows that the method can improve the detection performance of evaluation objects through numerical experiments.