Methodology of applying structural and logical schemes in the study of general physics in a technical university

A structural and logical scheme is a visual image of the logical connection of the main elements of knowledge within the framework of a training course, section or topic. When studying physics as an applied discipline in a technical university, its professional orientation and applied knowledge corresponding to this function come out in the first place. But applied knowledge as a consequence of physical theories is not enough for the development of a modern quantum-relativistic worldview. The idea of our research is to precede the systematic study of general physics with systematic ideas about the place and meaning of each physical theory, namely: before studying classical physics, to show its connection with quantum and relativistic physics. To do this, it is necessary to apply a preliminary and final generalization at different stages of the study of physics with the help of appropriate structural and logical schemes. When implementing this idea, the following methods were used: the method of structural and logical analysis of the course of general physics with the allocation of knowledge elements, the method of systematization based on clarifying the connection between physical theories and the method of generalization, leading to the construction of new generalized schemes of this course. In the proposed schemes "Connection of mechanical theories" and "Scales of the Universe-Velocities", we identify structural elements that reveal the specifics of the methodological representations of the theory in accordance with its place in the Universe and the velocities of its objects. The proposed methodology is based on two types of generalization: preliminary and final. The preliminary generalization shows the place of physical theory in the system of physical knowledge in the course of general physics, the final generalization is used to make students aware of the specifics of the entire range of methodological concepts used in this physical theory. The methodology is aimed at forming students ' systematic knowledge of general physics and at developing their modern quantum-relativistic worldview.

РАЗРАБОТКА И ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ СХЕМЫ ДЛЯ РАСЧЁТА НАДЁЖНОСТИ СИСТЕМ АПК

Проведён анализ моделей процессов, происходящих в сложных системах на объектах АПК. Произведена оценка эффективности и оптимизации сложных систем различного назначения. Обосновано применение в научных исследованиях универсальной имитационной модели, которая может быть адаптирована к любому объекту АПК из указанного класса. Проанализированы различные математические схемы систем автоматического управления и систем массового обслуживания. Предложен подход к составлению логической схемы для оценки надёжности технической системы, на основе которого формируются формулы расчёта вероятности их надёжного функционирования. The analysis of models of processes occurring in complex systems at agricultural facilities is carried out. The efficiency and optimization of complex systems for various purposes are evaluated. The use of a universal simulation model in scientific research, which can be adapted to any object of the agro-industrial complex from the specified class, is justified. Various mathematical schemes of automatic control systems and queuing systems are analyzed. An approach to drawing up a logical scheme for assessing the reliability of a technical system is proposed, on the basis of which formulas for calculating the probability of their reliable functioning are formed.

THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ANALYSIS OF EXPORT OF GOODS AND SERVICES IN THE CONTEXT OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT

The article is devoted to the study of theoretical and methodological aspects of the analysis of exports of goods and services in the context of regional development. The structural and logical scheme of the analysis of export of goods and services is of-fered. Export of the Kharkiv region was assessed by geographical structure, by goods and by countries. In general, the geograph-ical structure of export Kharkiv region shows a reorientation of commodities to EU countries. The export of services of the Kharkiv region by geographical structure and by types of economic activity is analyzed. Kharkiv region has a developed and diversified economy. There are large enterprises of mechanical engineering, agricultural and food industries, energy, developed oil and gas complex in the region. The geopolitical situation, as well as the crisis caused by the COVID­19 pandemic, have significantly con-tributed to changes in the directions and instruments of the region's foreign policy. Based on this, it is possible to determine the objectives of the study, which is to analyze and evaluate the exports of the Kharkiv region in order to determine priorities to ensure its competitiveness. It is determined that the export of services of the Kharkiv region is dominated by services and computer services. To ensure the efficiency of exports of services, it is necessary to pursue a policy of increasing their volume by expand-ing the volume of other activities, such as education, tourism and others. A SWOT­analysis of exports of the Kharkiv region was conducted. The risks of slowing down export flows and strategic directions for improving the export activity of the Kharkiv region have been identified.Kharkiv region has enough competitive advantages in the development of export of commodities: natural resource potential, high quality and competitiveness of food industry and mechanical engineering, diversification of export flows by country, adaptation to European standards and quality requirements. Foreign economic entities are the most efficient part of business, and therefore deregulation and tax leverages are an important incentive to ensure favorable conditions for export flows. Given the high intellectual capital of the region, it is important to support the development of innovation through attracting investment in research and development, the introduction of public funding. Innovative products and services will help improve he position of the region and the country at the global level and ensure the growth of exports. The imperfection of the institutional framework in the innovation sphere also affects Ukraine's ratings in the internationally competitive environment. Regulatory policy in the context of the region's exports should be comprehensive and balanced using determined instruments.Keywords: export, regional development, Kharkiv region, export of goods, export of services, SWOT­analysis, export potential. Статтю присвячено дослідженню теоретико­методичних аспектів аналізу експорту товарів і послуг у контексті регіонального розвитку. Запропоновано структурно­логічну схему аналізу експорту товарів і послуг. Проведено аналіз експорту Харківського регіону за географічною структурою, за товарами та за країнами. У цілому географічна структура експорту України показує переорієнтацію поставок до країн ЄС. Проаналізовано експорт послуг Харківської області за географічною структурою та за видами економічної діяльності. Визначено, що в експорті послуг Харківської області домінують консалтингові та комп'ютерні послуги. Для забезпечення ефективності експорту послуг необхідно проводити політику щодо збільшення їхніх обсягів шляхом розширення обсягів за іншими видами діяльності, такими як освітні, туристичні та ін. Проведено SWOT­аналіз експортного потенціалу Харківського регіону. Визначено ризики гальмування експортних потоків та стратегічні напрями поліпшення експортної діяльності в Харківській області. Ключові слова: експорт, регіональний розвиток, Харківська область, експорт товарів, експорт послуг, SWOT­аналіз, експортний потенціал.

The main aspects of choosing the enterprises' operating strategy

Retail trade occupies an important place in the economy of Ukraine, ensuring the sale of manufactured goods to end consumers. For retailers, it is important to achieve timeliness and reliability of services to meet customer needs, which can be achieved through the formation of operational strategy. The purpose of the article is to form a methodological approach to the development of operational strategy of retail enterprises, which is based on the requirements of corporate strategy, selected in accordance with the stage of the life cycle of the industry. The development of this methodological approach was carried out on the basis of Hill's model and system approach. As a result, a logical scheme of the process of developing an operational strategy is presented, which is specified by the list of input and output information. In order to determine the stage of the life cycle of the market of retail services in Ukraine, the eponymous concept of Porter was applied and the analysis was carried out according to the criteria: consumers and their behaviour, sales costs, changes in services, the nature of competition, profitability and found that the retail services market is growing. The method of observation, comparative and analytical method was used for the analysis, the Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) was calculated on the basis of the data of the largest retail trade enterprises of Ukraine. As a result, it was found that the market of retail services in Ukraine is growing. With this in mind, an operational strategy for Ukrainian retailers has been proposed, which should aim to ensure the flexibility and variability of the operating system. The defined general direction of the operational strategy will allow to establish the content of decisions on the choice of operational processes, as well as the infrastructure to support them.

Formation of the timber industry competitiveness

The article is devoted to the methodological and instrumental study of the process of forming the competitiveness of the timber industry. The authors substantiated the structural and logical scheme of the competitive development of the logging industry, which includes the directions for generating competitive advantages in the process of industry development. Within the framework of the program-targeted approach, the main directions of the system of measures for the formation of the competitive development of the logging industry were formulated in the form of a draft Program for the Development of the Competitiveness of the Timber Industry, considering the time periods of the Strategy for the Development of the Forestry Complex of the Russian Federation until 2030. The authors have proposed the Passport of the Program for the Development of the Competitiveness of the Timber Industry, which includes a set of Subprograms within the framework of the legal and regulatory framework that regulates the use and reproduction of forests. The tactical goals are clarified, tasks are solved within each subprogram; target objectively controlled indicators of the Program are proposed.

Methodology for a Process Approach to Cost Management at Manufacturing Enterprises

Aim. The author aims to develop an original methodology for a process approach to cost management at manufacturing enterprises. Its core idea is the possibility of increasing overall enterprise efficiency and reducing costs by using internal reserves identified as a result of business process optimization.Tasks. According to the author, a process approach to cost management is future-oriented and has not yet been properly developed — hence the goals of developing and improving the theoretical and methodological foundations of its implementation.Methods. The methodology for a process approach to cost management is based on the most effective (from the author’s perspective) elements of such methods as “ABC-costing”, “Value chain concept”, “Cost-drivers”, “Target-costing”, “Kaizen-costing” with the author’s additions.Results. The author’s methodology for a process approach to cost management with regard to manufacturing enterprises is presented in the form of a structural and logical scheme. Its elements allow the reader to understand which methods, means, principles, and techniques can be used for its introduction and implementation. The fundamental basis of the methodology for a process approach to cost management is the author’s vision and definitions of the “object” and “subject” of cost management. The conventional structure of the representation of elements in the methodology is supplemented by the following units: “The form of implementation and organization of a process approach to cost management” and “Periods”.Conclusions. A process approach to cost management combines several of the most effective methods of cost management and accounting, making it possible to bring the level of expenses of an enterprise down to a competitive level using the internal reserves of the enterprise.

Setup Optimization of Experimental Measures on a Historical Building: The Octagonal Hall of the Diocletian’s Bath

The growing use of highly specialized tools has led to a better knowledge of the mechanical properties of the structures, reducing the destructive tests. The paper is aimed to identify an investigation method capable of directing staff in the planning of non-destructive test. The experimental campaigns must be planned in order to optimize the number and the type of tests to limit invasiveness and impact. The proposed method has been organized in a logical scheme that permits, in five steps, to predict with a good approximation the critical sections for an optimal setup of testing instruments. This method has been applied to the Octagonal Hall in Diocletian’s Bath, to establish a better location for the dynamic endoscopy and tomographic tests. A geometrical model was built using the plans, elevations, sections provided by the National Roman Museum and the point cloud made through a drone. With HBIM (Heritage Building Information Modeling) it was possible to synthesize the information obtained from the geometric and material survey and then to convey it to a finite element model built on Midas Fea NX. Then, structural analyses, both linear and nonlinear, have been carried out for the optimal test setup.

A model for increasing the competitiveness of the national economy based on a neocluster approach

Subject of research: model of increasing the competitiveness of the national economy. The purpose of the study: develop a model for increasing the competitiveness of the national economy based on a neocluster approach. Research objectives: to develop the concept of a neocluster; to build a logical scheme for the formation of the competitiveness of the national economy on the basis of a neocluster approach. Methodology and research methods. General scientific and special methods of cognition: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, a systematic approach were used to conduct the research. A neocluster concept has been developed, which includes the concept of a neocluster, distinctive features, and a structural diagram of a neocluster. A model for increasing the competitiveness of the economy of a country / region has been built on the basis of a neocluster approach and a mechanism for increasing the country's competitiveness has been substantiated. The causal relationships between the sources of competitiveness are identified: (elements of Industry 4.0), directions and factors of increasing competitiveness. The developed theoretical foundations of the neocluster and the logical model for increasing the competitiveness of the national economy based on the neocluster approach can serve as a theoretical and methodological basis for the formation of a neocluster policy.

TECHNOLOGICAL AND INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT INTERCONNECTION IN THE CONDITIONS OF PRODUCT DIGITALIZATION

Modern industry is facing the next round of the industrial revolution or Industry 4.0. This collision is expressed in a significant change in the applied technologies of doing business and, first of all, in the production process. Large enterprises around the world are actively adapting to external challenges and digitalizing their production in the direction of the «Factories of the Future» concept, as evidenced by statistical research data from rating agencies such as McKinsey and PwC. In connection with these transformations, the question arises, is the technological development of enterprises synonymous with innovative development? The study hypothesis is the idea that technological development at the level of an individual enterprise is one of the subtypes of innovation. In order to verify it, the opinions of domestic researchers in this area were studied, and the modern definitions «technological development» and «scientific and technological development», which were adopted as synonyms in the study, were analyzed. The results of the study are confirmation of the hypothesis put forward, the construction of a logical scheme that reflects the essence of the term «technological development of an industrial enterprise» with the allocation of the main elements, as well as the proposed author's formulation of this term. It is concluded that it is necessary to conduct further research aimed at identifying the current state and prospects of small industry technological and innovative development.

On the construction of a family of anomalous-diffusion Fokker–Planck−Kolmogorov’s equations based on the Sharma–Taneja–Mittal entropy functional

A logical scheme for constructing thermodynamics of anomalous stochastic systems based on the nonextensive two-parameter (κ, ς) -entropy of Sharma–Taneja–Mittal (SHTM) is considered. Thermodynamics within the framework (2 - q) -statistics of Tsallis was constructed, which belongs to the STM family of statistics. The approach of linear nonequilibrium thermodynamics to the construction of a family of nonlinear equations of Fokker−Planck−Kolmogorov (FPK), is used, correlated with the entropy of the STM, in which the stationary solution of the diffusion equation coincides with the corresponding generalized Gibbs distribution obtained from the extremality (κ, ς) - entropy condition of a non-additive stochastic system. Taking into account the convexity property of the Bregman divergence, it was shown that the principle of maximum equilibrium entropy is valid for (κ, ς) - systems, and also was proved the H - theorem determining the direction of the time evolution of the non-equilibrium state of the system. This result is extended also to non-equilibrium systems that evolve to a stationary state in accordance with the nonlinear FPK equation. The method of the ansatz- approach for solving non-stationary FPK equations is considered, which allows us to find the time dependence of the probability density distribution function for non-equilibrium anomalous systems. Received diffusive equations FPК can be used, in particular, at the analysis of diffusion of every possible epidemics and pandemics. The obtained diffusion equations of the FPK can be used, in particular, in the analysis of the spread of various epidemics and pandemics.