27. Choice of business medium

This chapter makes a comparison between companies, on the one hand, and partnerships or sole traders, on the other, in order to explain the various factors which should be taken into account when choosing between the two business media. It considers factors such as risk of capital, expense, publicity, taxation, interest relief, capital gains, inheritance tax, pensions, and social security. Due to the range of variables, the desirability of limited liability means that incorporation may be the only viable option, although this can also be achieved by setting up a limited liability partnership. Where limited liability is not of great importance, the tax factors will be more significant, and these would have to be examined from a number of perspectives, including the size of anticipated profits, the particular financial circumstances of the promoters of the business, and any particular expectations they had about their stake in the business.

PENGARUH DANA ALOKASI UMUM DAN PENDAPATAN ASLI DAERAH TERHADAP BELANJA BARANG DAN JASA DENGAN BELANJA MODAL SEBAGAI VARIABEL INTERVENING

The goal of this research are to test the direct influence of General Allocation Found (DAU), Regional Original Income (PAD), and the indirect influence through Capital Expense as a intervening variable toward Product and Service Expense of Local Government East Java in 2019. This kind of research is a quantitative research, using classic assumption test for the examining research model, the multiple regression test for intervening variable test. The data of this research are the secondary data that is the APBD realization report year 2019 obtained from the website of the General Directorate of Financial Balance (www.djpk.depkeu.go.id). The number of research population is 38 districts/cities in East Java and of 33 districts/cities that meet the requirement to be the sample of research. The result of research shows that the General Allocation Found (DAU) and Regional Original Income (PAD) affect positively toward the Capital Expense, the Capital Expense affect positively toward the Product and Service Expense, and than General Allocation Found (DAU) that has the significant positive affect indirectly to the Product and Service Expense through the Capital Expense as the intervening variable. The result of this research expected can be input for government in making policy in the future.

Competitiveness in the European Consolidated Banking Sector After the 2008 Financial Crisis

The constitutional conception of market integration within the European Union entails creating a level playing field for competition in the consolidated banking sector. The financial crisis of 2008 brought with it the need to proceed with care as it rolled back the gains of improving competitive conditions in the financial sector. Even though a lot of studies have investigated competitive conditions prior to the crisis, the same cannot be said of periods after the crisis. Using both structural and non-structural measures of competitive conditions, this study found that the consolidated banking sector in Europe shows signs of a monopolistic competitive market structure based on its revenue and cost measures. As five countries – United Kingdom, France, Germany, Spain, Italy – control about 70 per cent of total assets in the consolidated banking sector. The capital expense to fixed assets and total assets in the Europe area were found to be negatively related to measures of profitability in the sector. They were indicating that the accumulation of assets eats into the incomes of banks in the sub-region, whereas bank exposures may be affecting bank profits.

27. Choice of business medium

This chapter makes a comparison between companies, on the one hand, and partnerships or sole traders, on the other, in order to explain the various factors which should be taken into account when choosing between the two business media. It considers factors such as risk of capital, expense, publicity, taxation, interest relief, capital gains, inheritance tax, pensions, and social security. Due to the range of variables, the desirability of limited liability means that incorporation may be the only viable option, although this can also be achieved by setting up a limited liability partnership. Where limited liability is not of great importance, the tax factors will be more significant, and these would have to be examined from a number of perspectives, including the size of anticipated profits, the particular financial circumstances of the promoters of the business, and any particular expectations they had about their stake in the business.

27. Choice of business medium

This chapter makes a comparison between companies, on the one hand, and partnerships or sole traders, on the other, in order to explain the various factors which should be taken into account when choosing the two business media. It considers factors such as risk of capital, expense, publicity, taxation, interest relief, capital gains, inheritance tax, pensions and social security Due to the range of variables, the desirability of limited liability means that incorporation may be the only viable option, although this can also be achieved by setting up a limited liability partnership. Where limited liability is not of great importance, the tax factors will be more significant and these would have to be examined from a number of perspectives, including the size of anticipated profits, the particular financial circumstances of the promoters of the business, and any particular expectations they had about their stake in the business.

Tax Revenue, Total Expense, Gross Domestic Production and Budget Deficit: A Study in Sri Lanka

The main aim of this study is to find out relationship among tax revenue, total expense, gross domestic production and budget deficit of Sri Lanka from 1990 to 2015. Budget deficit is a vital problem in Sri Lanka. This research mainly considers three independent variables such as tax revenue, total expense and gross domestic production and budget deficit is dependent variable of this research. Data of this study collected from annual report, ministry of finance and central bank reports of Sri Lanka. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed with the help of SPSS to analyze research data, answer research questions, reach research objectives and test hypothesis in this study. Correlation analysis confirmed that there are positive significant relationship between direct tax revenue and gross domestic production (98.4%), direct tax revenue and budget deficit (98.6%), indirect tax revenue and gross domestic production (99.2%), indirect tax revenue and budget deficit (98.5%), capital expense and gross domestic production (99.3%), capital expense and budget deficit (98.5%), recurrent expense and gross domestic production (98.7%), recurrent expense and budget deficit (99.3%), gross domestic production and budget deficit (97.2%) of Sri Lanka from 1990 to 2015. Regression analysis confirmed that 98.9% of gross domestic production depends on capital expense, recurrent expense, direct tax revenue and indirect tax revenue of the Sri Lanka. Capital expense has significant impact on the gross domestic production of the country (P = 0.024). 99.4% of budget deficit depends on capital expense, recurrent expense, direct tax and indirect tax of Sri Lanka. Further it can be stated that indirect tax revenue and recurrent expense have significant impact on the budget deficit of Sri Lanka (P < 0.05). This study concludes that there is possibility to change budget deficit and gross domestic production through capital expense, recurrent expense, direct tax revenue and indirect tax revenue in Sri Lanka.

27. Choice of business medium

This chapter makes a comparison between companies, on the one hand, and partnerships or sole traders, on the other, in order to explain the various factors which should be taken into account when choosing the two business media. It considers factors such as risk of capital, expense, publicity, taxation, interest relief, capital gains, inheritance tax, pensions and social security Due to the range of variables, the desirability of limited liability means that incorporation may be the only viable option, although this can also be achieved by setting up a limited liability partnership. Where limited liability is not of great importance, the tax factors will be more significant and these would have to be examined from a number of perspectives, including the size of anticipated profits, the particular financial circumstances of the promoters of the business, and any particular expectations they had about their stake in the business.

27. Choice of business medium

This chapter makes a comparison between companies, on the one hand, and partnerships or sole traders, on the other, in order to explain the various factors which should be taken into account when choosing the two business media. It considers factors such as risk of capital, expense, publicity, taxation, interest relief, capital gains, inheritance tax, pensions and social security Due to the range of variables, the desirability of limited liability means that incorporation may be the only viable option, although this can also be achieved by setting up a limited liability partnership. Where limited liability is not of great importance, the tax factors will be more significant and these would have to be examined from a number of perspectives, including the size of anticipated profits, the particular financial circumstances of the promoters of the business, and any particular expectations they had about their stake in the business.

Location Value

Understanding that location value is a critical factor to organizations with regards to people and technology is what this chapter strives to achieve. Location value can be synonymous with power. It can represent power of position, power to generate revenue, power to leverage resources, and power to serve as a catalyst for change. As with any source of power, it has the ability to provide an asset or to be a liability. The location value of people and technology in the workplace can serve as asset or liability depending upon placement. Maidique and Hayes (1984) also noted that “organizational agility seems to be associated with organizational flexibility–frequent realignments of people and responsibilities as the firm attempts to maintain its balance on shifting competitive sands” (p.21). Making the necessary realignments of people requires knowledge of their location value within the organization. This chapter addresses examples of technology location value, which includes capital expense, engineering expertise, and infrastructure changes against people location value, which includes cohesiveness in assigned environment, organizational culture, and career development. The author suggests that there seems to be reluctance on part of the organizations to fully commit the same resources for people location value as they do for technology location value.