scholarly journals Tax Revenue, Total Expense, Gross Domestic Production and Budget Deficit: A Study in Sri Lanka

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Vickneswaran Anojan
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Budget Deficit ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Domestic Production ◽  
Gross Domestic Production ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Ministry Of Finance ◽  
Direct Tax ◽  
Capital Expense

The main aim of this study is to find out relationship among tax revenue, total expense, gross domestic production and budget deficit of Sri Lanka from 1990 to 2015. Budget deficit is a vital problem in Sri Lanka. This research mainly considers three independent variables such as tax revenue, total expense and gross domestic production and budget deficit is dependent variable of this research. Data of this study collected from annual report, ministry of finance and central bank reports of Sri Lanka. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed with the help of SPSS to analyze research data, answer research questions, reach research objectives and test hypothesis in this study. Correlation analysis confirmed that there are positive significant relationship between direct tax revenue and gross domestic production (98.4%), direct tax revenue and budget deficit (98.6%), indirect tax revenue and gross domestic production (99.2%), indirect tax revenue and budget deficit (98.5%), capital expense and gross domestic production (99.3%), capital expense and budget deficit (98.5%), recurrent expense and gross domestic production (98.7%), recurrent expense and budget deficit (99.3%), gross domestic production and budget deficit (97.2%) of Sri Lanka from 1990 to 2015. Regression analysis confirmed that 98.9% of gross domestic production depends on capital expense, recurrent expense, direct tax revenue and indirect tax revenue of the Sri Lanka. Capital expense has significant impact on the gross domestic production of the country (P = 0.024).  99.4% of budget deficit depends on capital expense, recurrent expense, direct tax and indirect tax of Sri Lanka.  Further it can be stated that indirect tax revenue and recurrent expense have significant impact on the budget deficit of Sri Lanka (P < 0.05). This study concludes that there is possibility to change budget deficit and gross domestic production through capital expense, recurrent expense, direct tax revenue and indirect tax revenue in Sri Lanka. 

A Progressive Evaluation of Direct Tax Revenue in India

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Komal Jaiswal
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Economic Survey ◽  
Ministry Of Finance ◽  
The Government ◽  
Direct Tax

The primary objective of any country is the overall growth and development of a country. The government should focus on the welfare and developmental activities which requires finance. Tax is considered a major source of revenue for a government. Therefore, the development of a country is related to the tax revenue generated. This paper examines the direct tax revenue collected in India. The main objective of this paper is to analyse the direct tax revenue in India and also suggest certain measures to increase the same.  Data has been collected from secondary sources i.e. Union Budget and Economic Survey, Ministry of Finance, etc. The researcher has used various tools for analysis like average, percentage and has also calculated tax buoyancy. The researcher concluded that there has been increase in the tax revenue but still there are certain loopholes which need to be improved.

scholarly journals Comparative Study Between Budgeted and Actual Total Revenue, Total Expenditure of Sri Lanka

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 229
Author(s):  
V. Anojan ◽  
B. Nimalathasan
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Budget Deficit ◽  
Annual Report ◽  
Economic Problem ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Total Expenditure ◽  
Total Revenue ◽  
Statistical Tools ◽  
Statistical Results

The main aim of this study is to find out mean difference between budgeted total revenue, expenditure and actual total revenue and expenditure of Sri Lanka from 2005 to 2017. Budget deficit is a major problem in Sri Lanka. Budget deficit of the country is increasing in every year. Every country is trying to reduce the budget deficit and it has budget as key controlling tool. If any country is unable to meet its budget for continuous and longer period of time, it will create vital economic problem for that country. According to annual report of Sri Lanka (2017), Sri Lanka had actual total revenue lower than budgeted total revenue as well as Sri Lanka had actual total expenditure lower than budgeted total expenditure. Budgeted revenue and actual revenue were as respectively LKR 1,913,650 and 1,845,017 million. Further budgeted expenditure and actual expenditure were as respectively LKR 2,962,211 and 2,603,105 million. Data of this study has been analyzed by using many statistical tools such as mean, standard deviation and independent samples t-test. The statistical results of this study reveals that there is no significant mean difference between budgeted revenue, expense and actual revenue, expense of Sri Lanka from 2005 to 2017. Sri Lanka had tax revenue, non-tax revenue and total revenue more than budget in 2007. Sri Lanka did not meet the budgeted revenue and expense during 2005 to 2017.

scholarly journals Impact of Tourism and Foreign Direct Investment on Gross Domestic Production: Forecasts for the Case of Sri Lanka

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S10) ◽  
pp. 260-267 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Domestic Production ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Gross Domestic Production ◽  
The Relationship

Tourism industry is found as the second rapidly growing business after the information and communication technology in the global arena. A number of economies are triumphant in marketing their tourism destinations along with the generation of a considerable amount of foreign currency earnings due to the origination of tourism industrial sector. After economic reforms initiated in Sri Lanka in year 1977 onwards, the governments have thereafter implemented a number of various fruitful policies and development projects so as to promote the tourism industrial sector in pursuit of economic growth and development. This study investigates the Contribution of Tourism and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to Gross Domestic Production (GDP) in Sri Lanka. The software such as EViews 10, Excel, and Minitab are used to analyze the data. To achieve its goal, the nonparametric approaches such Nearest Neighbor Fit, Kernal Fit, and Confidence Ellipse to find the relationship were used in this study. Error Correction Mechanism, Co-Integration, and Analysis of Causality are the econometric techniques used to find the relationship. This study employs annual data for the period from 1977 to 2017and forecasted the data from 2018 to 2022 in order to find out the future potential of the contribution. The co-integration regression result revealed that the relationship between Tourism Receipts and Gross Domestic Production has been positively and statistically significant. The Foreign Direct Investment and Gross Domestic Production have been positively and statistically significant. However short run effect impact multiplier of Tourism Receipts is statistically not significant but Foreign Direct Investment statistically significant. The results of Granger Causality tests, in the variables are one-way causal relationships. According to the results of this study suggests that it is vital for Sri Lankan government to implement some of the marketing efforts to develop the tourism industrial sectors as one of the best destinations in Asian region.

scholarly journals Ecological Footprint, Foreign Direct Investment, and Gross Domestic Production: Evidence of Belt & Road Initiative Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongbo Liu ◽  
Hanho Kim
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Ecological Footprint ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Impulse Response Functions ◽  
Domestic Production ◽  
Bidirectional Relationship ◽  
Gross Domestic Production ◽  
Panel Vector Autoregression ◽  
Pollution Havens

This research is employed to examine the environmental issues embedded in Belt & Road Initiative (BRI), to be more specific: testify which of these hypotheses: Pollution Havens Hypothesis, Pollution Halo Hypothesis, Environmental Kuznets Curve is in accordance with the current development condition of BRI counties; whether there exists a bidirectional relationship among Ecological Footprint, Gross Domestic Production, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Belt & Road Initiative countries. In this paper, Panel Vector Autoregression is utilized to analyze a dataset of 44-member countries in this initiative, ranges from 1990 to 2016, to empirically testify the environmental evaluation of this project. Results are analyzed on both long-run and short-run cases through Orthogonalized Impulse-Response Functions (IRF). This research displays a great heterogeneity among different target variables, FDI as a main variable of interest does not expose a bidirectional relationship with Ecological Footprint, only Ecological Footprint demonstrates robust influence on FDI. In addition, Pollution Havens Hypothesis is certified to be true for FDI and GDP among Belt & Road Initiative member countries.

scholarly journals WILLIAMSON MODEL: AN APPLICATION OF INSTITUTIONAL TRANSFORMATION IN THE INDONESIAN DGT

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wihana Kirana Jaya ◽  
Anggi Rahajeng ◽  
Indra Bastian
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Institutional Transformation ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Tax Administration ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Governing Body ◽  
Expected Performance ◽  
Service Assurance ◽  
Ministry Of Finance

A reform of tax administration in Indonesia has been carried out in several stages from 1983to 2009. However, the changes are limited to the tax system of the DGT, it being the tax governingbody in Indonesia, which has still has not managed to meet the tax revenue target (reflectedthrough a tax ratio). A lack of authority caused the DGT (DGT) to face some difficulties inreaching the target and demonstrating the expected performance. The goal of this paper is tostress the needs of institutional transformation in DGT. By using the Williamson Model, thisstudy focuses on evaluating the DGT institutionally and creating an alternative institutionaltransformation of the DGT. The international and domestic results of ascertaining bestpractices conclude that the DGT needs to change gradually, not with a ‘big bang’, and byproviding the more flexible authority by remaining in the structure of Traditional Departmentor Single Directorate in the Ministry of Finance (SDMOF) which would lead to an organizationstructure which is semi-autonomous or a Unified Semi-autonomous Body (USB) that covers allthe systems of taxation such as service, assurance, law enforcement and supporting roles.Keywords: tax governing body, Indonesian DGT (DGT), institutional transformation, williamson model

scholarly journals MAPPING THE CONCEPT OF A GOOD SCHOOL WITH TEACHERS’ CHARACTERISTICS IN THE CONTEXT OF A GOOD SCHOOL CONCEPT

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-42
Author(s):  
Roma KRIAUČIŪNIENĖ ◽  
VILIJA TARGAMADZĖ
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
General Education ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Community Based ◽  
School Activities ◽  
Good School ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
School Concept

Aim. The concept of Good School was formed in 2015, however, the implementation of it has been rather slow. Therefore, the research aim of this article is to identify the educational experts’ viewpoints on the concept. The following questions have been raised to specify the aim: if the concept of the school of general education, presented as Good School, is adequately understood, what features should a teacher have in order to implement the concept of Good School? Methods. To answer the research questions a qualitative research by using structured interviews was carried out, i.e. experts’ written surveys were analyzed. The study revealed three positions that are discussed in this article: the concept of Good School, the mission and teachers’ features, which are interpreted in the context of the concept of Good School, albeit in a particular way. Results. The analysis of the empirical research data revealed that insufficient emphasis is placed on the value aspect, modelling of community-based school activities and their reflection. The research findings also showed that there has been a considerable lack of attention paid to some of the teacher's competences – there has been a lack of experts’ focus on the personalization of the educational content, its construction in the interaction with the elements of the pedagogical system, the reflection of pedagogical activities, and others. Conclusions. The concept of Good School is understood by the experts as a map, a conceptual idea, a guideline unfolding the schools’ specificity. The implementation of the concept of Good School should be based on the ideas of constructionism  that open the pathways of common  development,  realization, and improvement of Good School.

scholarly journals Designing an Optimum Fiscal Policy for Tobacco to Maximise the Tax Revenue, Social Savings and the Net Monetary Benefits in Sri Lanka

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sathira Kasun Perera ◽  
Bharat Phani Vaikuntam ◽  
Denny John ◽  
Buddhika Senanayake
Keyword(s):  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Monetary Benefit ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Tobacco Tax ◽  
The Government ◽  
Net Monetary Benefit ◽  
Tobacco Taxation

Background: Fiscal policy targeting tobacco control is identified as the most effective strategy for rapid control of tobacco use. An optimum fiscal policy to estimate the percentage taxation that will maximise the government tax revenue, social savings and the net monetary benefit has not been empirically designed before in Sri Lanka. Methods: A model was developed using Microsoft Excel 2016, utilizing up-to-date published evidence on the cigarette sales, current fiscal policy, social cost of tobacco use, consumer response and the price elasticity of cigarettes. Univariate estimates on the expected revenue from tobacco tax, average annual social savings and the net monetary benefit were predicted for different levels of tobacco taxation. A deterministic sensitivity analysis was performed covering all possibilities. The percentage taxation maximizing the government tax revenue and the net monetary benefit were identified. Results: It was estimated that a further 30% tax increase from the 2019 baseline will generate approximately LKR 3544 million per year of additional tax revenue for the government while saving LKR 28 069 million per annum as social savings. A fiscal elevation of 50% will produce identical annual tax revenue to that of 2018, while securing a social saving of more than LKR 47 600 million per annum. The maximum net monetary benefit is achievable at an overnight tax increase of 90% from the baseline, however with a short-term compromise in tax revenue. Conclusion: The well-defined thresholds take tobacco taxation advocacy in Sri Lanka a step forward and will assist the government in taking an informed decision on its fiscal policy for cigarettes.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and Global Supply Chain Configuration: Economic and Emissions Impacts of Australia-China Trade Disruptions

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xunpeng Shi ◽  
Tsun Se Cheong ◽  
Michael Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Equilibrium Analysis ◽  
Output Analysis ◽  
Domestic Production ◽  
China Trade ◽  
Gross Domestic Production ◽  
Trade Embargo ◽  
Production Losses

Economic shocks from COVID-19, coupled with ongoing US-China tensions, have raised debates around supply chain (or global value chain) organisation, with China at the centre of the storm. However, quantitative studies that consider the global and economy-wide impacts of rerouting supply chains are limited. This study examines the economic and emissions impacts of reorganising supply chains, using Australia-China trade as an example. It augments the Hypothetical Extraction Method by replacing traditional Input-Output analysis with a Computable General Equilibrium analysis. The estimation results demonstrate that in both exports and imports, a trade embargo between Australia and China – despite being compensated for by alternative supply chains—will cause gross domestic production losses and emissions increases for both countries and the world overall. Moreover, even though all other economies gain from the markets left by China, many of them incur overall gross domestic production losses and emission increases. The finding that the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and India may also suffer from an Australia-China trade embargo, despite a gain in trade volume, suggests that no country should add fuel to the fire. The results suggest that countries need to defend a rules-based trading regime and jointly address supply chain challenges.

Dynamics of Twin Deficits, Ricardian Equivalence, and Feldstein-Horioka Puzzle in South Asian Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kashif Munir ◽  
Kinza Mumtaz
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Current Account ◽  
Budget Deficit ◽  
Current Account Deficit ◽  
Ricardian Equivalence ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Twin Deficits ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Private Savings

This study examines the relationship between budget deficit and current account deficit, specifically twin deficits hypothesis, Ricardian equivalence hypothesis, and Feldstein-Horioka puzzle in South Asian countries. Results show that budget deficit and private savings investment balance do not affect current account deficit in the long run and rejects the Keynesian view of twin deficits hypothesis in South Asian countries. No causality exists between current account deficit and budget deficit in India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka in short run, while bidirectional causality exists in Bangladesh. Ricardian equivalence hypothesis is rejected in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, while it holds in India and Pakistan. Feldstein-Horioka puzzle exists in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, while it does not exist in India and Pakistan. Structural reforms in fiscal and trade sector are required to avoid emergence of twin deficits, while an active and effective role of government is required for sustainable economic growth.

Cybersecurity

2020 ◽  
pp. 255-274
Author(s):  
Adel Ismail Al-Alawi ◽  
Arpita A. Mehrotra ◽  
Sara Abdulrahman Al-Bassam
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Case Study ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Higher Learning ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Semistructured Interviews ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Learning Institutions ◽  
The Way

The internet has revolutionized the way people communicate, how they manage their business, and even how they conduct their studies. Organizations can conduct meetings virtually and store all their data online. With this convenience, however, comes the risk of cybercrime (CC). Some of the world's most renowned organizations have found themselves having to incur huge recovery costs after falling prey to CC. Higher learning institutions' databases are increasingly falling victim to CCs, owing to the vast amounts of personal and research data they harbor. Despite this, the area of CCs in learning institutions remains understudied. This chapter seeks to identify how CC is manifested in such institutions and the specific cybersecurity measures that stakeholders could use to minimize their exposure to the same. The qualitative case study was designed to explore the research questions, and collected data through semistructured interviews. The findings showed hacking, phishing, and spoofing as the most common manifestations of cybercrime in higher learning institutions.

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