Description of Smoking Behavior in Adolescents During The Covid-Pandemic

The behaviors that young people exhibit in the COVID-19 era are the strong behaviors in which the four information ants interviewed have different behaviors in the experience, expectations, the number of cigarettes, and the type of cigarettes consumed. Smoking behavior is one form of behavior encountered in people's lives and can be found in various places such as in crowded places, streets, city buses, hospitals, schools, and so on. A smoking habit can cause damage to the lungs and airways that will cause diseases of the respiratory system, such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema, even lung cancer. Schools and People need to be involved in efforts to prevent and intervene in adolescent smoking behavior more intensively.

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an inflammatory disease of the lungs and airways that develops in response to repeated inhalation of a wide range of aerosol antigens. The clinical picture and course of HP are highly variable and depend on such factors as the nature of the antigen, the intensity and duration of exposure to the antigen, as well as on the characteristics of the patient's immune response. The annual incidence of HAP is 1.28 -1.94 cases per 100 000. Currently, the diagnosis of HP is usually based on the characteristic clinical picture, high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) data, bronchoscopy, lung biopsy, and evidence on the antigen. HRCT plays a central role in the diagnosis of HP. The most common finding on HRCT in HP is ground-glass opacities, which can be associated with centrilobular nodules and air trapping. In some cases, the fibrotic HP signs are very similar to those of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and most changes are found in the lower regions and subpleurally. Therapy for HP usually includes avoiding exposure to the antigen, considering corticosteroids (CS) and/or immunosuppressive therapy to suppress the active inflammatory/immune response, and treating comorbidities. Nintedanib therapy in patients with progressive fibrotic HP results in a slower decline of lung function compared to placebo.

Features of gas exchange in advanced level freediver during monofin practice in pool

During a monofin freedive in pool an athlete goes into hypercapnia and hypoxia. This limits his or her performance. During breatholds the air stored in the lungs and airways is changing it’s composition. The changes are poorly studied, or not at all for advanced level freedivers. Some research was done on spearfishers, which is a poor approximation of freediving. We analyzed the end-tidal air of an advanced level freediver in pool training. Continuous freedives under 60% of personal bests, or interval series with each dive under 20-40% of personal best lead to moderate hypoxia and acute hypercapnia and are good for laying-the-bases training periods, increasing personal tolerance to CO2 (though this will not directly improve athletic performance). On the other hand, for pre-competitive training periods for experienced freedivers we recommend continuous one-time dives (with a safety buddy) at distances over 70% of personal best.

Hamartoma and Benign Tumor-like Lesions

Pulmonary hamartomas are benign neoplasms comprised of various mesenchymal components. The presence of chondroid calcification (popcorn appearance) and/or macroscopic fat can be diagnostic of hamartoma. Very slow growth is an expected finding. Treatment of pulmonary hamartoma is usually conservative. Surgical resection can be considered if the CT findings are nondiagnostic, if biopsy is inconclusive, or if the lesion demonstrates rapid growth. Surgery should also be considered in patients with central lesions and postobstructive atelectasis or infection. Hamartomas account for the majority of benign lung neoplasms. Other benign neoplasms occurring in the lungs and airways include lipoma, chondroma, and leiomyoma and are very rare. If a pulmonary chondroma is diagnosed, additional investigation should be considered to exclude concurrent leiomyosarcoma and extraadrenal paraganglioma (Carney Triad).