Advancement of the Duty to Cooperate in Marine Environmental Protection in the Jurisprudence of ITLOS

The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea sets forth an unprecedented regime for marine environmental protection that compels parties to cooperate and includes mandatory dispute settlement procedures with binding decisions. Although the Convention does not contain a specific article stipulating a general duty to cooperate, cooperation permeates the logic of the document. The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) has recognised the importance of cooperation to marine protection and preservation in several cases. It could be suggested that the States Parties have a positive obligation to cooperate and a need to implement a range of actions to this end. ITLOS has consistently interpreted the duty to cooperate as comprising specific obligations: to consult, to exchange information, to monitor and assess relevant activities, to develop measures to prevent pollution or other environmental harm; which offers both the basis for the implementation of the duty to cooperate and the criteria for determining compliance.

MARITIME SURVEILLANCE USING SAR OCEANIC IMAGES

Marine things to do play a necessary position in the improvement of a nation. There is, however, a possible threat to the protection of a country via marine routes. This paper provides the most effective and easy-to-use method that enables the defense and marine protection authority staff to track the middle sections of the ocean for unusual marine activities by collecting an oceanic image from a SAR satellite. It helps the user by extracting information such as number of ships at particular region, distance between each, length and breadth of ships and the velocity at which the ship is moving. It includes various modules such as initial tiling and pre-processing, vessel or ship detection and wake detection for estimating velocity of ship. The interface of this framework is very user-friendly and fully implemented with a MATLAB.

Mikroplastik Pada Sedimen di Zona Pemukiman, Zona Perlindungan Bahari dan Zona Pemanfaatan Darat Kepulauan Karimunjawa, Jepara

Karimunjawa merupakan salah satu kawasan Taman Nasional yang terdapat di Indonesia yang terdiri dari pulau-pulau dan terbagi menjadi beberapa zona yang disesuaikan menurut fungsi dan peruntukkannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis dan kelimpahan mikroplastik pada sedimen di zona pemukiman, zona pemanfaatan darat, dan zona perlindungan bahari Kepulauan Karimunjawa, Jepara. Sampel sedimen diambil dengan menggunakan pipa di 3 lokasi yaitu Pelabuhan Perintis, Legon Lele, dan Cemara Kecil. Sampel dikeringkan kemudian dipisahkan berdasakan ukuran butir menggunakan sieve shaker. Sedimen yang terjebak dalam sieve ukuran 0,3 dan 0,1 mm direndam dalam H2O2 30% selama 24 jam selanjutnya mikroplastik dipisahkan dari sedimen dengan 100 ml ZnCl2 densitas 1,5 g/cm-3 kemudian disaring dengan menggunakan kerta Whatman No. 40. Mikroplastik diamati bentuk, warna, dan jumlah menggunakan mikroskop cahaya dengan perbesaran 100x dan diidentifikasi secara visual. Jenis mikroplastik ditentukan dengan Uji FT-IR. Hasil menunjukkan kelimpahan mikroplastik tertinggi ditemukan pada lokasi Legon Lele dengan jumlah sebesar 340 partikel/kg, pada Pelabuhan Perintis sebanyak 245 partikel/kg, dan pada Cemara Kecil sebanyak 245 partikel/kg. Bentuk mikroplastik yang ditemukan yaitu fragment, film, dan fiber. Jenis mikroplastik diduga yaitu HDPE, PVC, Polypropylene (PP), Polystrene (PS), ABS, Latex, LDPE, Nitrile, dan Nylon. Karimunjawa is one of the National Park areas in Indonesia which consists of islands and is divided into zones which are adjusted according to their function and purpose. This study aims to determine the type and abundance of microplastics in sediments in residential zones, land use zones, and marine protection zones of the Karimunjawa Islands, Jepara. Sediment samples were taken using pipes in 3 locations, namely Perintis Harbor, Legon Lele, and Cemara Kecil. The sample is dried and then separated based on grain size using a sieve shaker. Sediments trapped in 0.3 and 0.1 mm sieve sizes were soaked in 30% H2O2 for 24 hours and then microplastic was separated from sediments with 100 ml of ZnCl2 density 1.5 g / cm-3 then filtered using Whatman No. kerta 40. Microplastic observed shapes, colors, and quantities using a light microscope with a magnification of 100x and identified visually. Microplastic type was determined by FT-IR Test. The results showed the highest microplastic abundance was found at the Legon Lele location with an abundance of 340 particles / kg, at the Port of Pioneer as much as 245 particles / kg, and at Cemara Kecil as much as 245 particles / kg. Microplastic forms found are fragments, films, and fibers. Microplastic types are suspected namely HDPE, PVC, Polypropylene (PP), Polystrene (PS), ABS, Latex, LDPE, Nitrile, and Nylon.

Relationships between a common Caribbean corallivorous snail and protected area status, coral cover, and predator abundance

As coral populations decline across the Caribbean, it is becoming increasingly important to understand the forces that inhibit coral survivorship and recovery. Predation by corallivores, such as the short coral snail Coralliophila abbreviata, are one such threat to coral health and recovery worldwide, but current understanding of the factors controlling corallivore populations, and therefore predation pressure on corals, remains limited. To examine the extent to which bottom-up forces (i.e., coral prey), top-down forces (i.e., predators), and marine protection relate to C. abbreviata distributions, we surveyed C. abbreviata abundance, percent coral cover, and the abundance of potential snail predators across six protected and six unprotected reefs in the Florida Keys. We found that C. abbreviata abundance was lower in protected areas where predator assemblages were also more diverse, and that across all sites snail abundance generally increased with coral cover. C. abbreviata abundance had strong, negative relationships with two gastropod predators—the Caribbean spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) and the grunt black margate (Anisotremus surinamensis), which may be exerting top-down pressure on C. abbreviata populations. Further, we found the size of C. abbreviata was also related to reef protection status, with larger C. abbreviata on average in protected areas, suggesting that gape-limited predators such as P. argus and A. surinamensis may alter size distributions by targeting small snails. Combined, these results provide preliminary evidence that marine protection in the Florida Keys may preserve critical trophic interactions that indirectly promote coral success via control of local populations of the common corallivorous snail C. abbreviata.

Marine Protected Areas and Area-Based Management in New Zealand

New Zealand’s maritime zones cover a very large area. This article explores the extent to which these maritime zones are protected through marine protected areas and area based management. There are several different types of protection in New Zealand waters, from marine reserves that prohibit fishing to marine mammal sanctuaries and benthic protection zones. Māori play an important role in the establishment and management of many of these areas. However, in general the legislation that addresses marine protection is disjointed and there are important gaps in coverage. Attempts to reform the legislation have not yet succeeded.

Marine Protected Areas and Area-Based Management in New Zealand

New Zealand’s maritime zones cover a very large area. This article explores the extent to which these maritime zones are protected through marine protected areas and area based management. There are several different types of protection in New Zealand waters, from marine reserves that prohibit fishing to marine mammal sanctuaries and benthic protection zones. Māori play an important role in the establishment and management of many of these areas. However, in general the legislation that addresses marine protection is disjointed and there are important gaps in coverage. Attempts to reform the legislation have not yet succeeded.

Marine Protected Areas and Area-Based Management in New Zealand

New Zealand’s maritime zones cover a very large area. This article explores the extent to which these maritime zones are protected through marine protected areas and area-based management. There are several different types of protection in New Zealand waters, from marine reserves that prohibit fishing to marine mammal sanctuaries and benthic protection zones. Māori play an important role in the establishment and management of many of these areas. However, in general the legislation that addresses marine protection is disjointed and there are important gaps in coverage. Attempts to reform the legislation have not yet succeeded.

Area-Based Marine Protection in Canada

Over the past few years, Canada has achieved significant progress in its efforts to meet its international and domestic commitments to area-based marine protection. It has now extended protections, in some form, to almost eight per cent of its coastal and ocean waters. However, critical issues remain concerning implementation. This article describes and critically analyses Canada’s progress on area-based marine protection in view of international principles, standards, and criteria. It provides an overview of the broader jurisdictional, legislative, and policy framework for area-based marine protection, before outlining the key federal legislative schemes that form Canada’s marine protected areas (mpas) network. It also discusses provincial (subnational) area-based marine protection, as well as new initiatives to establish offshore Indigenous protected and conserved areas, and highlights cooperative arrangements made with other states. Finally, it provides some future outlooks for area-based marine protection in Canada.