An All-Inclusive Laboratory Workflow for the Development of Surfactant/Polymer Formulations for EOR in Harsh Carbonates

Carbonate reservoirs are challenging for chemical EOR, particularly in selecting fine-tuned chemical formulations which combine high performance, stable behavior, and trouble-free operations. The design of suitable formulations requires substantial laboratory work and a solid methodology. In this paper, a systematic all-inclusive laboratory workflow to design a surfactant-polymer (SP) formulation for a carbonate reservoir is presented. In this work, a complete process for development and evaluation of an SP formulation for high-salinity high-temperature conditions is proposed and adopted. For which, a high throughput robotic platform is used for efficient and robust formulation design. The process is illustrated on an actual case with harsh reservoir conditions (i.e. a high temperature of 100℃ and high connate salinity of 213,000 mg/L). The SP design methodology consisted of five steps: surfactant design, polymer selection, surfactant/polymer verification, topside assessment, and oil-displacement evaluation. The surfactant formulation design consisted of four substeps: solubility scans, phase-behavior scans (salinity scans), IFT measurements, and static adsorption tests. The sourced polymers were screened based on three key performance indicators: viscosity, filter ratio, and thermal stability. The selected surfactant formulations and polymers were then assessed as sloppy slugs in terms of compatibility and injectivity. Then, the unique topside assessment was conducted where it consisted of two components focusing on: separation kinetics and separated water quality. Finally, an oil displacement study was performed using a preserved composite plug, in which the SP formulation developed through the outlined process was used. The results demonstrate the potential of a mixture of Olefin Sulfonate (OS) and Alkyl Glyceryl Ether Sulfonate (AGES). The results also illustrate couple of polymers with stabilities suitable for high temperature conditions: an associative polymer, and an AM/AMPS copolymer. In addition, injectivity corefloods supported the SP slug transportability across the porous media. Corefloods also demonstrated the SP slug capacity to recover around 62% ROIC (remaining oil in core). Finally, SP in produced brines improved the separation kinetics but lead to a slight deterioration in separated water quality. A key novelty of the adopted workflow is the integration of topside assessment. In addition, the experimental steps were clearly delineated including the preparation of representative oils. Beside a clear layout of the methodology, the work demonstrates that a surfactant-polymer formulation can successfully be designed for high temperature carbonate reservoirs and provide encouraging guidelines with respect to SP impact on topside facilities.

Photo-induced bond breaking during phase separation kinetics of block copolymer melts: a dissipative particle dynamics study

We studied phase separation kinetics of block copolymer melts while passing them through alternate photo-induced bond breaking (on) and recombination (off) reaction cycles, and discussed its effect on evolution morphologies, scaling functions, and length.

Topology and control of self-assembled domain patterns in low-dimensional ferroelectrics

Whilst often discussed as non-trivial phases of low-dimensional ferroelectrics, modulated polar phases such as the dipolar maze and the nano-bubble state have been appraised as essentially distinct. Here we emphasize their topological nature and show that these self-patterned polar states, but also additional mesophases such as the disconnected labyrinthine phase and the mixed bimeron-skyrmion phase, can be fathomed in their plurality through the unifying canvas of phase separation kinetics. Under compressive strain, varying the control parameter, i.e., the external electric field, conditions the nonequilibrium self-assembly of domains, and bridges nucleation and spinodal decomposition via the sequential onset of topological transitions. The evolutive topology of these polar textures is driven by the (re)combination of the elementary topological defects, merons and antimerons, into a plethora of composite topological defects such as the fourfold junctions, the bimeron and the target skyrmion. Moreover, we demonstrate that these manipulable defects are stable at room temperature and feature enhanced functionalities, appealing for devising future topological-based nanoelectronics.