Immobilization of Pb by organic and inorganic phosphate and calcium sources in an acidic Pb-polluted soil amended with cow manure

Background: Chemical stabilization of heavy metals in acidic soil is one of the important points in environmental pollution. Thus, this research was conducted to investigate the effect of organic and inorganic amendments on lead (Pb) immobilization in the Pb-polluted soil. Methods: Treatments were consisted of applying cow manure (0, 15, and 30 t/ha), and applying cow bone and phosphate rock (5% (W/W)) in the Pb (0, 800, and 1600 mg Pb/kg soil)-polluted soil. The plant used in this experiment was canola. After 70 days, the plants were harvested and soil and plant Pb concentration was measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Results: Applying 15 and 30 t/ha of cow manure in the Pb (1600 mg Pb/kg soil)-polluted soil significantly decreased the soil Pb concentration by 14.3 and 17.2%, respectively. For plant Pb concentration, it was increased by 11.8 and 15.1%, respectively. A significant decrease in plant Pb concentration was measured, when the soil under cultivation of the plant was amended with 5% (W/W) phosphate rock powder. For the plants grown on the soil, which was amended with 5% (W/W), the plant Pb concentration decreased by 17.6%. In addition, applying organic and inorganic amendment significantly decreased the bio-concentration factor (BCF), while the soil microbial respiration increased. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that applying 15 and 30 t/ha cow manure or calcium and phosphorus sources such as cow bone and phosphate rock powder (5% (W/W) can decrease the soil Pb availability and prevent the Pb translocation from soil to plants.

A Review on Current Development of Animal Bone-Based Sorbent for Heavy Metals Removal from Contaminated Water and Wastewater

This review article presents the usage of various animal bones such as chicken bone, fish bone, pig bone, camel bone, and cow bone as reliable biosorbent materials to remove heavy metals contained in contaminated water and wastewater. The sources and toxicity effects of heavy metal ions are also discussed properly. Then specific insights related to adsorption process and its influential factors along with the proven potentiality of selected biosorbents especially derived from animal bone are also explained. As the biosorbents are rich in particular organic and inorganic compounds and functional groups in nature, they play an important role in heavy metal removal from contaminated solutions. Overall, after conducting study reports on the literature, a brief conclusion can be drawn that animal bone waste has satisfactory efficacy as effective, efficient, and environmentally friendly sorbent material.

Valorization of Restaurant Waste Oil Over Cow-bone Doped Siliceous Termite Hills Catalysts Towards Biodiesel Production

Treated termite hill is a potent heterogeneous catalyst in the synthesis of biodiesel from restaurant waste oil (RWO). Two catalysts (raw cow-bone supported on silica; R-SC1.5 and calcined cow bone supported on silica; K-SC1.5) were developed and used in biodiesel production. The maximum conversion of RWO was 95.12 % using K-SC1.5 at reaction time 2.5 h, methanol to oil ratio 9:1, temperature 65°C and catalyst loading of 2 %w/w. The prepared catalysts were characterized using SEM, EDAX, FTIR, XRD and BET analysis. The kinetics of the RWO with R-SC1.5 and K-SC1.5 was further studied. The Ea and A were found to be 41.4 kJ mol− 1, 53.41 kJ mol− 1 and 2.24 ×104 min− 1, 2.29×106 min− 1 respectively. The transesterification reaction adhered to first order law, while physicochemical properties were within ASTM limits. Reusability of K-SC1.5 was also examined, which revealed effectiveness up to 5 reuses without significant reduction in biodiesel yield.

MIL-53(FE) / COW BONE CHAR COMPOSITE FOR CHROMIUM REMOVAL FROM TANNERY WASTEWATER

MIL-53(Fe)/Cow bone char composite, prepared via the sol-gel method was used for the removal of chromium from real tannery effluent having an initial concentration of 40mg/l. The characteristics of MIL-53(Fe)/Cow bone char were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) Boehm titration and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX). Adsorption capacity of MIL-53(Fe)/Cow bone char composite for chromium was 19.61 mg/g with a removal efficiency of 87.8% at an optimal bed height of 2.4cm (2.0g) for MIL-53(Fe)/Cow bone char composite, time of 2 minutes and pHpzc=5.4.The kinetic studies showed that the adsorption data were well fitted to the pseudo second-order model with high correlation coefficient R2=0.9911. Furthermore, the adsorption isotherm equilibrium studies confirmed that the Langmuir model best described the adsorption process of chromium onto MIL-53(Fe)/Cow bone char composite. Analysis of data with Dubinin–Radushkevich and Temkin isotherms showed that adsorption of chromium onto MIL-53(Fe)/Cow bone char composite is physical in nature.

Mineral carbonation process of carbon dioxide using animal bone

Carbon dioxide has been identified as one of the greenhouse gases responsible for global warming. Several carbon capture and storage technologies have been developed to mitigate the large quantities of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere, but these are quite expensive and not easy to implement. Thus, this research analyses the technical and economic feasibility of using calcium leached from cow bone to capture and store carbon dioxide through the mineral carbonation process. The capturing process of carbon dioxide was successful using the proposed technique of leaching calcium from cow shinbone (the tibia) in the presence of HCl by reacting the calcium solution with gaseous carbon dioxide. AAS and XRF analysis were used to determine the concentration of calcium in leached solutions and the composition of calcium in cow bone respectively. The best leaching conditions were found to be 4 mole/L HCl and leaching time of 6 h. Under these conditions, a leaching efficiency of 91% and a calcium conversion of 83% in the carbonation reaction were obtained. Other factors such as carbonation time, agitation rate, and carbonation reaction temperature had little effect on the yield. A preliminary cost analysis showed that the cost to capture 1 ton of CO2 with the proposed technique is about US$ 268.32, which is in the acceptable range of the capturing process. However, the cost of material used and electricity should be reviewed to reduce the preliminary production cost.

Development of Bi-Functional Heterogeneous Catalyst for Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil to Biodiesel: Optimization Studies

Biodiesel production waste cooking oil is usually limited by its high free fatty acid and moisture content. The synergetic effect of both base and acid source from biomass was employed to proffer way out to this challenge. This study shows the coupled development of sulfonated carbonized corn cob (S-CCC) and calcined cow-bone (C-CB) catalysts for transesterification of waste cooking oil. The catalyst was prepared by physically mixing several mass percentages of S-CCC and C-CB (fluorapatite) in strategic proportions. The maximum biodiesel yield of 96.2 % was attained for catalyst mixture of 60 wt% and 40 wt%. The developed catalyst mixture was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Ray (FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Brunauer–Emmett-Teller (BET). The surface area (472.3 m2/g), pore size (2.4330 nm) and volume (0.1380 cc/g) were obtained for the catalyst. The XRD shows that the crystallized structure of the bifunctional catalyst was formed majorly between 2 theta 10 and 65.Also the SEM shows a well dispersive pattern of the particles of the catalyst. The developed catalyst was employed for biodiesel optimization studies by varying factors such as time, temperature, catalyst loading and methanol: oil using optimal design under the response surface methodology. Maximum yield of 98.98 % was attained at time 6 h, temperature 65 °C, catalyst loading 6 %wt/ wt of oil and methanol to oil ratio of 11.75:1. It was observed that time and temperature had notable effect on the biodiesel yield.