Effect of Regulation on the Increasing Price of Metals and Minerals to Meet the Challenges in Clean Energy Transitions: A Case Study of China

Considering that the development of science and technology depends on metal support, the EU, USA, and China have issued a critical metal list on the development report. However, the scarce and important mineral deposits on a global scale will not be enough to meet the huge needs of economic development in the future. Many fields such as renewable energy, high-performance computing, and AI all require critical metals as essential supports. A proper price regulation of such important metals will contribute to the fair price power on the international market. In this paper, the pricing history and strategy of critical metal support are fully studied and discussed. Since China has become a major consumer country, China should gain fair price power in the market of important metals.

Shared Responsibility for Carbon Emission Based on Embodied Carbon Emission in China-US Trade

Traditional Production-Based Accounting (PBA) principle does not consider the embodied carbon emissions in export and import trade. A multiregional input-output (MRIO) model is constructed to estimate the embodied carbon dioxide emissions of 41 countries and regions worldwide, based on the PBA and shared responsibility approach in this paper. The results indicate that the embodied carbon emissions in 2018 in China's export trade were 1326.1 million tons higher than that of import trade. Through the empirical analysis of the embodied carbon emissions in China's import and export trade, it can be seen that China is a major producer of carbon emissions, not a consumer country, and has taken more carbon emissions responsibility for the world. And it is more reasonable and impartial to assign developed and developing country’s carbon emissions responsibility in the light of the shared responsibility method.

The Use and Prescription of Pangolin in Traditional Vietnamese Medicine

It is now acknowledged that demand stemming from traditional medicine stimulates a continued market for illegal wildlife trade globally. Increasing demand for pangolin fuels widespread unsustainable extraction and an illicit international trade that is threatening pangolin populations worldwide. Vietnam is an important transit country in this trafficking network and a significant consumer country, particularly due to their longstanding tradition of consuming wildlife products as traditional medicine. We conducted 51 semi-structured, questionnaire-based interviews with traditional Vietnamese medicine practitioners in Hanoi, Vietnam to explore the factors influencing their prescription of pangolin. The results show that traditional Vietnamese medicine practitioners are important drivers of pangolin use and that prescription continues despite prohibitive legislation. The main influencing factors were money, illegality (as a deterrent) and supply. Wealthier patients were more likely to use pangolin as medicine and patients generally trusted a doctor’s prescription. Awareness of regulations related to pangolin use in traditional medicine was low and pangolin use continued without fear of the law. Lactation, abscesses and circulation were the most prescribed uses for pangolin scales. All respondents believed that pangolin can be substituted, however, a belief remained that substitutes are inferior to pangolin. This study provides a unique perspective of pangolin use in one of the main pangolin consumption countries in the world. The results suggest that the law is not being implemented effectively and that increased enforcement efforts are necessary. Furthermore, these insights serve to inform future demand-reduction campaigns whereby the most common uses and substitutes for pangolin scales may be targeted.

PENYALAHGUNAAN NAPZA DI INDONESIA

Drug Abuse in the world consistently increases where almost 12% (15.5 million people up to 36.6 million people) of users are heavy addicts. According to the World Drug Report of 2012, the productions of drugs increased, one of which was opium production. It increased from 4,700 tons in 2010 to 7,000 tons in 2011. Drug abuse in Indonesia also increased from year to year proven according to BNN survey results with UI and other universities that in 2005 the prevalence percentage was 1.7% in Indonesia, in 2008 prevalence percentage was 1.99%, in 2012 prevalence percentage was 2.2%. Furthermore, the number of drug use according to Head of BNN actually increased significantly in the period of June to November 2015 that is 1.7 million people. In June 2015 the number of users was 4.2 million and in November 2015 the number of users was 5.9 million. Today the problem of drug abuse already becomes a national disaster. Drug abuse has been the concern of all people for several reasons; first, the use of drugs by various societies has been in critical condition. Second, the impacts are not only generated to the users but also damage the people’s lives and nation’s life. Thirdly, Indonesia is not only a consumer country but a producer country as well, so the Indonesian government firmly declares that Indonesia is Drug emergency or declares war on Drugs. The impact of drug abuse is very complex starting from victims, families, peer victims, until the community. So the view of Islam associated with the abuse of these drugs is that drugs are goods which damage the mind, memory, heart, soul, mental and physical health such as khomar. Therefore, drugs are also included in the category which is forbidden by Allah SWT and the scholars agree that drugs are illicit when people are not in an emergency situation. As a helping profession, social work has a fundamental mission to solve social problem whether it is a problem experienced by individuals, families, groups, or communities. In its development, social workers reflect relief efforts to vulnerable groups. Drug addicts are one part of Indonesian societies who has equal position, rights, obligations and roles with other Indonesian societies in all aspects of life and the life which in essence still has potential that can be developed through a special program, namely the social welfare effort program for the addicts of Drugs with social rehabilitation. Here social workers play a role in helping / assisting the recovery of victims in realizing their social function.

Assessment of Land Suitability for Tea Cultivation Using Geo- Informatics in the Mansehra and Abbottabad District

Pakistan is a major tea consumer country and ranked as one of the largest importer of tea worldwide. This research has been conducted over district Mansehra and district Abbottabad in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan where the most favourable conditions for tea cultivation already exist and National Tea Research Institute has done successful experiments to cultivate high quality tea. High tech approach is adopted to meet the objectives of this research by using the remotely sensed data i.e. Aster DEM, Land sat8 Imagery. Results showed that in study area 13.24% (778.3 sq.km.) is highly suitable, 33.44% (1966 sq.km.) is suitable, 30.71% area (1805 sq.km.) is moderately suitable, 16.13% area (948.5 sq.km.) is less suitable, and 6.46% (379.3 sq.km.) is not suitable for tea cultivation. This geomatics based model and approach could be used to identify more areas for tea cultivation to meet country's demand.

Opportunities for the Peruvian blueberry due to the seasonality of imports from the United States, 2014-2018

Exports are of vital importance because they not only generate income for the exporting country, they also boost the economy, improve the working conditions of the inhabitants in the productive areas and, consequently, their quality of life and opportunities for progress. The United States is a consumer country of blueberries, however, its period of minimum production occurs in the seasons of autumn and winter, generating a local market shortage and given the inverse seasonal behavior of Peru, as our country enters the stations of spring and summer, with periods of maximum production of blueberry, an opportunity arises to meet that demand. The objective is to analyze the opportunities generated for blueberry exports due to the existence of contrary seasons between Peru and the United States. The study was descriptive of longitudinal type, not experimental. The population was conformed by the importers companies of blueberries the United States, the variable was analyzed import. The results show the existence of seasonal indices in the importation of blueberries from the United States of Peru in two periods, first from the month of January to the month of April (they are lower and on average less than 100%) and after the month from August to December (higher rates and on average greater than 100%). In conclusion, there are opportunities for blueberries due to seasonal imports from the United States, generated by counter-season conditions with Peru.

Effects of country-of-origin stereotypes on consumer responses to product-harm crises

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate “how” and “when” the stereotypes of competence and warmth, that are evoked by a foreign company’s country-of-origin (COO), affect blame attributions and/or attitudes toward a company’s products when a company is involved in a product-harm crisis. Design/methodology/approach Study 1 (n=883) analyzes the psychological mechanisms through which perceived COO competence and warmth differently affect blame attributions and evaluative responses. Study 2 (n=1,640) replicates Study 1’s findings, and it also investigates how consumer ethnocentrism, animosity toward a country, and product category characteristics moderate the hypothesized COO’s effects. Findings COO competence leads to more favorable attitudes toward the involved company’s products. This effect increases when the company sells high-involvement or utilitarian products. COO warmth leads to more favorable attitudes toward the involved company’s products directly as well as indirectly by diminishing blame attributions. These effects increase when consumers are highly ethnocentric, or the animosity toward a foreign country is high. Originality/value This paper frames the investigation of COO stereotypes in a new theoretical and empirical setting, specifically, a product-harm crisis. It demonstrates that consumers differently evaluate a potential wrongdoing company and its harmful products in a product-harm crisis based on their perceptions of a company’s COO competence and warmth. Finally, it defines the moderating effects of individual, consumer-country-related and product characteristics on the hypothesized COO effects.

Exploring saiga horn consumption in Singapore

The Critically Endangered saiga antelope Saiga tatarica faces an uncertain future, with populations dwindling from epidemics in its range countries, and ongoing demand for its horns in the traditional Chinese medicine trade. Singapore is a major hub for the global trade in saiga horn and an important consumer country, with saiga horn products widely available in the domestic market. Despite this, little is known about the consumers that drive domestic demand. Before interventions are carried out, it is important to understand who the consumers are, and their motivations. We conducted an investigation into consumption prevalence and consumer demographics, knowledge and motivations. We surveyed 230 Chinese Singaporeans, through a combination of face-to-face interviews and self-administered questionnaires. Recent consumption incidence (in the previous 12 months) was relatively high, at 13%. Younger respondents (18–35 years) had the highest prevalence of recent consumption (25%), often as a result of influence from an older family member or friend. Bottled saiga horn cooling water was the most popular product among recent users (50%), followed by horn shavings (31%) and tablets (13%). Awareness of conservation issues and regulations was uniformly low. Awareness raising may have an effect in reducing consumer demand in Singapore. However, given the exploratory nature of this study, it is best used to guide and inform future research underlying behavioural change interventions in a relatively understudied but important consumer group, Chinese Singaporeans.

TDAH: Transtorno, Causa, Efeito e Circunstância

O Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção por Hiperatividade - TDHA é manifestado pela presença da tríade sintomatológica: elevados níveis de agitação motora, impulsividade e desatenção persistentes por um período mínimo consecutivo de seis meses, que tende a persistir durante toda a vida, com prejuízo substancial de áreas importantes do funcionamento. Segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde OMS e a Associação Americana de Psiquiatria - APA cerca de 4% dos adultos e de 5% a 8 % de crianças e adolescentes de todo o mundo sofrem de TDAH. Estudos de neuroimagiologia, genéticos e etiológicos não estabeleceram ainda uma gênese clara e determinante, não existindo consenso em um “defeito” psicológico nuclear, locus anatômico, padrão neuropsicológico, ou base neuroquímica ou genética, reconhecendo-se assim o TDAH como uma perturbação clinicamente heterogênea. Inexiste um marcador biológico para TDAH; apenas é possível fazer diagnóstico clínico/ comportamental, sob análise do cotidiano. Atualmente, começam a surgir maiores cuidados dos profissionais com os fatores de risco na história da criança. Fortes evidências de equívocos nos diagnósticos, dado ao alarmante índice do uso do psicotrópico Ritalina por jovens com TDAH no Brasil, segundo maior país consumidor do mundo, depois dos EUA, que estimularam a montagem de uma entrevista semiestruturada para 3 das 5 psicólogas atuantes na cidade de Luziânia/GO. Conclui-se que se deve tentar determinar as razões psicossociais originárias do problema de comportamento e que “receitar uma pílula para o TDAH é muito mais rápido”, mas talvez não seja efetivo para o desenvolvimento do sujeito.Palavras-chave: Transtorno/Dificuldades de Aprendizagem. Déficit de Atenção. Ritalina. Medicalização das Dificuldades. Hiperatividade. AbstractThe Attention Deficit Disorder by hyperactivity disorder - ADHA is manifested by the presence of the symptomatology triad: high levels of motor excitement, impulsivity and inattention sustained for a period of at least six months in a row, which tends to persist throughout life, with substantial injury to important areas of functioning. According to World Health Organization WHO and the American Psychiatric Association - APA approximately 4% of adults and 5% to 8% of children and adolescents from all over the world suffer from ADHD. Neuroimagiology, genetic and etiologic studies have not established yet a clear and decisive genesis, and there is no consensus on a nuclear psychological "flaw", anatomical locus neuropsychological pattern, or neurochemical or genetic basis, recognizing ADHD as a clinically heterogeneous disorder . There is not a biological marker for ADHD; it is only possible to make clinical/behavioral diagnosis under everyday life analysis. Currently, greater care from professionals have emerged with the risk factors in the child’s history. Strong evidences of diagnosis mistakes, given the alarming rate of use of psychotropic drug Ritalin by young people with ADHD in Brazil, the second hightest consumer country in the world, after the United States, which stimulated the fitting of a semi-structured interview for 3 of the 5 psychologists working in the town of Luziânia/GO. It is concluded that reasons for psychosocial originating the behavior problem should be determined and that "prescribing a pill for ADHD is much faster, but it may not be effective for the development of the subject Keywords: Disorder/Learning Difficulties Attention Deficit. Ritalin. Difficulties Medicalization. Hyperactivity.