Abstract
The mistreatment of children has become a major social concern. The suffering of children occurs in a variety of forms: sexual, physical or emotional abuse, and negligence. Studies that examine the incidence of child mistreatment have become an indispensable tool in documenting its extent, as well as its diverse forms, the characteristics of its victims and their abusers, and their environments. Such knowledge is essential to forming social policies, organizing services, and developing interventions and clinical practices adapted to the needs of families affected by this problem.
The purpose of this article is to update current knowledge with regard to the incidence of child mistreatment. Specifically, it intends to determine rates of specific forms of mistreatment, to examine the evolution of such rates in recent years, and to identify important methodological shortcomings of studies in this area in order to identify challenges that must be met to obtain a reliable measurement of the extent of child mistreatment.
Four methods of data collection were used to locate publications presenting rates of incidence: a bibliographical search among major data banks, a review of current literature, research among the web-sites of relevant organizations, and personal contacts with researchers working in this field. Literature was selected according to specific criteria for inclusion; 24 relevant publications were identified, a number of which present incidence rates based on a number of data banks and covering several years.
The results demonstrate a significant variation in incidence rates, not only the rates of reported mistreatment (prior to investigation by child protection services) but also the rates of confirmed mistreatment following assessment. Reporting rates varied from 5 to 72 children per 1000 in the community; the child victim rates varied from 2 to 110 children per 1000. More than half of the situations of mistreatment consisted of negligence, followed by physical abuse (about 20 %), sexual abuse (about 10 %) and emotional abuse (about 6 %).
An examination of regional rates also demonstrated significant differences. In general, the rates of reported as well as confirmed incidents in the United States were two to three times higher than those in Australia or Quebec, but only minimally higher than rates in Ontario. Rates of negligence and sexual or physical abuse followed the same pattern, while rates of emotional abuse were divergent. Differences among rates may to some extent be explained by regional differences, but methodological differences among studies are also important. Studies based on data from child protection agencies report much lower rates than studies based on data collected from professionals working with abused children in the community.
Finally, rates of reported incidents of child mistreatment and rates of confirmed reports have increased significantly during the last twenty years. According to child protection services' data, rates seem to have stabilized since the beginning of the 1990s. According to data provided by community professionals however, the rate of child mistreatment has increased consistently during this period, whatever the form of abuse considered.
The discussion of results examines three aspects: first, factors that may explain significant rate variations; second, the stability of rates reported by child protection services compared with the consistent rate increase reported by community professionals; and finally, current methodological shortcomings and means of improving future research.
Risk of postpartum depression and very early child mistreatment among mothers reporting higher autistic traits: Evidence from the Japan Environment and Children's Study
