Investigations into the H-D Exchange of Malonganenone B

<p>H-D exchange at the formyl residue of the natural product malonganenone B was investigated. Models of the system were synthesised and displayed the same exchange. Kinetic studies, performed using NMR spectroscopy, found the exchange was first order with respect to base whilst displaying acid inhibition, in opposition to existing research. Cyclic species, including an N-heterocyclic carbene precursor, were formed that, in conjunction with the previous findings, suggested a carbene-based mechanism was in operation. Further synthetic studies were performed to demonstrate the existence of a carbene. With use of silver oxide, a fulvalene dimer and an organopalladium complex of this carbene were obtained, which provide further support towards a carbene-based mechanism being involved in the H-D exchange of malonganenone B.</p>

Investigations into the H-D Exchange of Malonganenone B

<p>H-D exchange at the formyl residue of the natural product malonganenone B was investigated. Models of the system were synthesised and displayed the same exchange. Kinetic studies, performed using NMR spectroscopy, found the exchange was first order with respect to base whilst displaying acid inhibition, in opposition to existing research. Cyclic species, including an N-heterocyclic carbene precursor, were formed that, in conjunction with the previous findings, suggested a carbene-based mechanism was in operation. Further synthetic studies were performed to demonstrate the existence of a carbene. With use of silver oxide, a fulvalene dimer and an organopalladium complex of this carbene were obtained, which provide further support towards a carbene-based mechanism being involved in the H-D exchange of malonganenone B.</p>

Effect of processing methods on the antioxidant potentials of netlespurge (Jatropha tanjorensis) and black nightshade (Solanum nigrium) vegetables in peanut burger

Two lesser known indigenous vegetables: netlespurge (Jatropha tanjorensis) and black nightshade (Solanum nigrium) were each processed into flour samples and were incorporated into wheat flour in coating peanut. These veggie peanut burgers were analysed for their antioxidant properties such as DPPH, FRAP and Metal Chelating ability assay and their linoleic acid inhibition. Veggie peanut burger with netlespurge vegetable had values between 44.62 to 68.32%, 0.0106 to 0.0253 mg AAE/g sample and 49.03 to 63.30% for DPPH, FRAP and Metal chelating assay, respectively, while veggie peanut burger with black nightshade had values between 54.97 to 72.70%, 0.0105 to 0.0173 mg AAE/g sample and 47.13 to 64.01% for DPPH, FRAP and Metal chelating assay respectively. The result of the inhibition of linoleic acid of the peanut burger incorporated with vegetables revealed the abilities of the vegetables to inhibit propagation of peroxides up till the fourth day. Netlespurge vegetable had absorbance values of 2.3220 µm initially rising to 2.6845 µm on the fourth day and a fall absorbance value of 1.1845 µm on the sixth day while Black Nightshade vegetable had absorbance values of 2.3670 µm initially rising to 2.7490 µm on the fourth day and a fall absorbance value of 1.2355 µm on the sixth day. This study concluded that processing methods does not eliminate the antioxidative properties of vegetables and the inclusion of vegetables into peanut burgers increased their antioxidative properties.

European Registry on Helicobacter pylori management (Hp-EuReg): patterns and trends in first-line empirical eradication prescription and outcomes of 5 years and 21 533 patients

ObjectiveThe best approach for Helicobacter pylori management remains unclear. An audit process is essential to ensure clinical practice is aligned with best standards of care.DesignInternational multicentre prospective non-interventional registry starting in 2013 aimed to evaluate the decisions and outcomes in H. pylori management by European gastroenterologists. Patients were registered in an e-CRF by AEG-REDCap. Variables included demographics, previous eradication attempts, prescribed treatment, adverse events and outcomes. Data monitoring was performed to ensure data quality. Time-trend and geographical analyses were performed.Results30 394 patients from 27 European countries were evaluated and 21 533 (78%) first-line empirical H. pylori treatments were included for analysis. Pretreatment resistance rates were 23% to clarithromycin, 32% to metronidazole and 13% to both. Triple therapy with amoxicillin and clarithromycin was most commonly prescribed (39%), achieving 81.5% modified intention-to-treat eradication rate. Over 90% eradication was obtained only with 10-day bismuth quadruple or 14-day concomitant treatments. Longer treatment duration, higher acid inhibition and compliance were associated with higher eradication rates. Time-trend analysis showed a region-dependent shift in prescriptions including abandoning triple therapies, using higher acid-inhibition and longer treatments, which was associated with an overall effectiveness increase (84%–90%).ConclusionManagement of H. pylori infection by European gastroenterologists is heterogeneous, suboptimal and discrepant with current recommendations. Only quadruple therapies lasting at least 10 days are able to achieve over 90% eradication rates. European recommendations are being slowly and heterogeneously incorporated into routine clinical practice, which was associated with a corresponding increase in effectiveness.