As compared to the tropical evergreen forest, wetlands are also one of the most productive ecosystems in the biosphere and make a major contribution to the ecological sustainability of a region. The wetlands maintain biologically diverse communities having both ecological and economic value. Based on the immense environmental and sustainability benefits, wetlands have been demarcated as essential for the future of human existence. The future challenges pertaining to food, clean water and energy security, well-being of humans, natural disaster risk reduction, and climate change resilience can be met by preserving the wetlands. The chapter has an aim to provide insight on the fundamentals like the classifications, major functions, as well as the various factors affecting the wetland ecosystem. Other important aspects like the major threats leading to the loss of the wetlands, consequences of the loss or degradation of wetlands, and ways to preserve the wetlands are discussed.