Uncertainty of Thermographic Temperature Measurement with an Additional close-up Lens

The thermographic temperature measurement is burdened with uncertainty. This non-contact temperature measurement method makes it possible to measure the temperature of the electrical device under load. When the observed object is small (a few square millimeters) the spatial resolution of the thermographic cameras is often insufficient. In this case, the use of the additional macro lens is needed. After using an additional lens, the uncertainty of the thermographic measurement is different from the uncertainty of thermographic measurement without an additional lens. The values of the uncertainty contributions depend on the conditions during the measurement and the used methodology. The authors constructed an uncertainty budget of thermographic temperature measurement with an additional macro lens, based on EA-4/02 (European Accreditation publications). The uncertainty contributions were also calculated. On the basis of the calculated values of the uncertainty contributions, it was determined which factor had the greatest impact on the value of the thermographic temperature measurement with an additional lens.

Thermographic Measurement of the Temperature of Reactive Power Compensation Capacitors

An excessive increase in reactive power consumption is unfavorable from the point of view of a power system. For this reason, devices compensating reactive power consumption are used. The capacitor is one such device. Capacitors must be tested regularly during their exploitation. One of the activities that should be performed is testing the degree of heating of the cells of a capacitor bank. Thermography can be used to perform such tests. This non-contact method has its limitations. Due to the angular emissivity and the change in the distance between the lens and the object under observation, the temperature measured with a thermographic camera may differ from the actual temperature. This phenomenon is visible on cylindrical capacitor cases. Consequently, depending on the location of the observation point on the capacitor case, the result of the thermographic temperature measurement may be different. To investigate this phenomenon, experimental work has been undertaken.

The Solution for the Thermographic Measurement of the Temperature of a Small Object

This article describes the measuring system and the influence of selected factors on the accuracy of thermographic temperature measurement using a macrolens. This method enables thermographic measurement of the temperature of a small object with an area of square millimeters as, e.g., electronic elements. Damage to electronic components is often preceded by a rise in temperature, and an effective way to diagnose such components is the use of a thermographic camera. The ability to diagnose a device under full load makes thermography a very practical method that allows us to assess the condition of the device during operation. The accuracy of such a measurement depends on the conditions in which it is carried out. The incorrect selection of at least one parameter compensating the influence of the factor occurring during the measurement may cause the indicated value to differ from the correct value. This paper presents the basic issues linked to thermographic measurements and highlights the sources of errors. A measuring stand which enables the assessment of the influence of selected factors on the accuracy of thermographic measurement of electronic elements with the use of a macrolens is presented.

Lack of Thermogram Sharpness as Component of Thermographic Temperature Measurement Uncertainty Budget

The number of components of a thermographic temperature measurement uncertainty budget and their ultimate contribution depend on the conditions in which the measurement is performed. The acquired data determine the accuracy with which the uncertainty component is estimated. Unfortunately, when some factors have to be taken into account, it is difficult to determine the value of the uncertainty component caused by the occurrence of this factor. In the case of a thermographic temperature measurement, such a factor is the lack of sharpness of the registered thermogram. This problem intensifies when an additional macro lens must be used. Therefore, it is decided to commence research to prepare an uncertainty budget of thermographic measurement with an additional macro lens based on the B method described in EA-4/02 (European Accreditation publications). As a result, the contribution of factors in the uncertainty budget of thermographic measurement with additional macro lens and the value of expanded uncertainty were obtained.

Obtaining and Investigation of the β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex with Vitamin D3 Oil Solution

Background. The research results of fat-soluble vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) encapsulation with β-cyclodextrin have been presented in this work. The vitamin D3 inclusion complex with β-cyclodextrin was obtained under microwave radiation. The surface morphology of obtained clathrate inclusion complexes was described with the help of a scanning electron microscope. The thermographic measurement results on a differential scanning calorimeter have been presented. The activation energy of the β-cyclodextrin : vitamin D3 clathrate complex thermal oxidative destruction reaction was calculated. The clathrate thermal destruction kinetic parameters were determined. The inclusion complex spectral properties were characterized by IR-Fourier and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The existence of β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex with vitamin D3 in a 2 : 1 ratio was confirmed by the experimental results. The activation energy of thermal destruction of the inclusion complex of β-cyclodextrin with vitamin D3 was calculated using four different methods.