FAСADE AND ROOF FORM CREATION POTENTIAL AS VISUAL AND AESTHETIC EXPRESSIVENESS MEANS OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

Working with a building's facade and the roof significantly influence the visual and artistic image of residential buildings. The potential of visual-compositional means for the creation of expressive building forms is only partially used today. Maximizing the efficiency principle of building plots often has a negative impact on the overall aesthetics. Homogeneity, recurrence, absence of profile characterize such architectural solutions. Architecture as an environment from which it is impossible to abstract, it is necessary to promote the formation of aesthetically attractive buildings and structures. We can achieve it by using a variety of compositional principles, working with different spatial scales, taking into account the laws of visual perception. Facades can be created with the following design principles: the facade should reflect the internal structure of the building, each of the facades should differ from each other depending on the location and orientation, facade surfaces should include multilayered structure, avoid blind surfaces, include details. When designing roofs, the following aspects should be taken into account: the roof has a significant effect on the silhouette of the spatial image of the building, the optimal solution is a combination of flat and sloping elements when creating a silhouette of forgetfulness. When working on a simple form of the building should work on different artistic levels from the city to the details, take into account the main species points for shaping, pay attention in detail to the place of the combination of the building with the plane of the earth and sky.

Transformation of the Financial Mechanism of a University in the Context of the Implementation of the Efficiency Principle

The switch of the national policy to increasing efficiency and improving quality of public service delivery predetermined significant changes in the sector of higher education. The article describes the measures introduced by the state to reform the sector of education; a complex of indices that characterize the state of the market of higher education services over the last 5 years is analyzed. A conclusion about a positive growth trend of the volume of expenses of the federal budget on higher education per one student sponsored by the state is drawn. The financial mechanism of a higher education institution is emphasized. The authors focus on high significance of the principle of efficiency in the university activities. Direct correlation between the revenues of a higher education institution and its efficiency is revealed. A number of financial methods due to which, in the future, universities will be able to maintain independence and increase efficiency of their activities in the conditions of high competition in the higher education market is proposed.

Lex mercatoria and private international arbitration = Lex mercatoria y arbitraje privado internacional

The “New Lex Mercatoria” is not a “legal system” or a defined set of rules, but a “method”. In this sense, the New Lex Mercatoria consists of giving authorization to the courts and/or arbitrators to assess different legal materials regulating international trade; following that, they will extract the “most appropriate rules” to solve the litigation. It is, therefore, a method to achieve adequate decisions in international trade (Method of Decision-Making). Thus, the arbitrator is prevented from applying a single national Law, which is exactly what the parties intended to avoid at all costs and the reason why they chose the New Lex Mercatoria. In other words, it can be affirmed that the methodological approach to the New Lex Mercatoria is the most operative, useful and complete, as well as the one that enables us to develop a metacriticism of the New Lex Mercatoria as a source of Law in international trade.Keywords: Arbitration, efficiency principle, general principles of Law recognized by civilized Nations, general principles of private international law, Globalization, international contracts, international trade, delocalization, mandatory rules (in international trade), New Lex Mercatoria, “Norsolor syndrome”, Private International Law, Public Policy, sources of Law, Uniform Law.Resumen: La Nueva Lex Mercatoria es un “método” y no un “ordenamiento jurídico” ni un conjunto definido de reglas. En esta acepción, la Nueva Lex Mercatoria consiste en una habilitación ofrecida a los tribunales y/o a los árbitros para que éstos valoren distintos materiales jurídicos reguladores del comercio internacional y, tras ello, extraigan las “normas más adecuadas” para solventar el litigio. Es, por tanto, un método para alcanzar decisiones adecuadas en el comercio internacional (Method of DecisionMaking). De ese modo, se evita que el árbitro acabe por aplicar una concreta Ley estatal lo que constituye, significativamente, eso mismo que la elección de la Nueva Lex Mercatoria por las partes quiere evitar a toda costa. En otras palabras, puede afirmarse que la acepción metodológica de la Nueva Lex Mercatoria es la más operativa, la más útil, la más completa y la que permite desarrollar, precisamente, una metacrítica de la Nueva Lex Mercatoria como fuente del Derecho de los negocios internacionales. Palabras clave: Arbitraje, comercio internacional, contratos internacionales, Derecho Internacional Privado, Derecho Uniforme, deslocalización, fuentes del Derecho, Globalización, normas imperativas (en el comercio internacional), Nueva Ley Mercatoria, orden público, principios generales de Derecho Internacional Privado, principios generales del Derecho reconocidos por las naciones civilizadas, “síndrome Norsolor”.

Foro del domicilio del demandado y Reglamento Bruselas ‘I-bis 1215/2012’. Análisis crítico de la regla actor sequitur forum rei = The defendant’s domicile in the Brussels ‘The Regulation 1215/2012’. A critical approach of the actor sequitur forum rei rule

Resumen: Este trabajo explica con argumentos históricos y de lógica económica que la litigación internacional, de por sí ya costosa, peculiar y complicada, puede verse seriamente perjudicada por foros ineficientes. En esta línea, se pone de manifiesto que la regla actor sequitur forum rei, el foro del domi­cilio del demandado, es ineficiente pese a la difusión universal de dicha regla jurídica. Actor sequitur penaliza el comercio internacional, desincentiva la actividad internacional de los particulares y benefi­cia en modo muy significativo la posición del demandado, que es con frecuencia el incumplidor de los deberes jurídicos. El trabajo pone de relieve, también, que en el Reglamento Bruselas I bis, el foro del domicilio del demandado es un mero foro residual, subsidiario a la sumisión de las partes, desplazados por los foros exclusivos y alternativo a los foros especiales por razón de la materia. Por último, se sos­tiene que el TJUE, pese a sus afirmaciones en forma de cláusula de estilo, no ha interpretado los foros especiales como excepciones al foro del domicilio del demandado ni de modo restrictivo, sino como opciones jurisdiccionales para el demandante que son objeto de una lectura expansiva.Palabras clave: actor sequitur forum rei, domicilio del demandado, litigación internacional, foros especiales, principio de eficiencia, Reglamento Bruselas I bis, interpretación europea.Abstract: This essay explains with historical arguments and economic logic that international li­tigation, already expensive, peculiar and complicated, can be seriously damaged by inefficient grounds of jurisdictions. It is clear that the rule “actor sequitur forum rei”, the forum of the defendant’s domicile, is inefficient despite the universal dissemination of this legal rule. Actor sequitur damages international trade, discourages the international activity of individuals and benefits in a very significant way the po­sition of the defendant, who is often he who breaches some legal duties. This work also highlights that in the Brussels I bis Regulation, the defendant’s domicile works as a mere residual ground of jurisdiction. It operates as subsidiary to the submission of the parties, and is an alternative to the special grounds of jurisdiction. Finally, the ECJ, despite its assertions, has not interpreted those special grounds as excep­tions to the defendant’s domicile. To say the truth, the ECJ has also defended an expansive reading of those special grounds of jurisdictions.Keywords: actor sequitur forum rei, defendant’s domicile, international litigation, special grounds of jurisdiction, efficiency principle, Brussels Ia Regulation, European interpretation.

CONCEPTUAL SCHEME FOR ENSURING THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY PRINCIPLE IN MODERN CONTAINER FLEET

As a result of the analysis of the modern merchant fleet, indicators have been revealed of an increase in the size of modern merchant vessels, which affects the overall energy efficiency. It should be noted a significant increase in the container fleet, namely, not only an increase in the number of vessels themselves, but also an increase in the average carrying capacity by almost 2.8 times. As a result, emissions to the atmosphere have also increased due to a significant increase in ship propulsion power and fuel consumption. This is due to the specifics of container traffic, namely for the rapid transportation of goods from port A to port B, for which container ships often move in all weather conditions with maximum speed, respectively, fuel consumption is enormous compared to other types of ships. Despite the fact that the goods must be delivered as soon as possible and without delay, in practice, due to the lack of effective feedback between all participants in the transportation process, this is not always possible. The inefficiency of feedback leads to wasteful resources, which in turn increases the financial costs of the shipowner by increasing fuel consumption. It also reduces the energy efficiency of the ship and increasing emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. Considering the experience of the giants of maritime transport such as MAERSK, MSC, CMA CGM, it is possible to see that all participants in the process are single unit and interested in maximum efficiency of transportation. Containers of smaller companies that do not own their terminals often face ineffective feedback and are not able to influence the situation. The conceptual scheme proposed in the article should increase the efficiency of feedback between the vessel charter and the port, which, in turn, will increase the efficiency of sea freight. Constant access to information about the situation in the port will make it possible to avoid unnecessary delays of the ship.