Intertekst Wilna w twórczości Vaidotasa Daunysa

The Intertext of Vilnius in the Works of Vaidotas DaunysThe aim of the present article is to analyse the intertext of Vilnius in the works of the Lithuanian poet, essayist and editor Vaidotas Daunys (1958–1995) by drawing on the categories of intertextuality and intertext (J. Kristeva, R. Barthes, M. Riffaterre, M. Głowiński, S. Balbus, R. Nycz). In Daunys’ poems and essays, the reader perceives Vilnius as a mental construct, multilayered structure of meaning or a complex metaphor referring to a specific place on the map of north-eastern Europe, the political centre of the independent Republic of Lithuania since 1990. His debut collection Metų laikai [The Four Seasons, 1985] containing his early lyrics deals with urban themes, which will also become one of the recurrent motifs in his essays. This collection introduces themes, metaphors and symbols developed and recreated by the author over the following decades: the city of myth, the city of nature, the city of faith. In his poetry, Daunys illustrates how the personal and psychological city (the individualized place of the lyrical subject, where the history takes place here and now) evolves into the meta-city and philosophy of the city (Vilnius as a timeless and sacred city, with strong communal bonds). Daunys was a gifted observer, therefore, in his works (and artistic activities), at the aesthetic, ethical, philosophical and theological levels, he consequently and skilfully presented Vilnius as the central place of his homeland where multiple voices can be heard, as the Baltic cradle of Lithuanian culture and the home to many languages, cultures and nations. His source of inspiration was Lithuanian and European cultures (mainly literature oscillating between existential and ontological questions; Christian and existential philosophy; but also history, music, architecture and photography), based on the solid Christian foundation (the Bible). Translated into the language of the modern city and experience of the watershed years, these sources, displaying various forms of intertextuality, have created a multilayered web of meanings that Vilnius entails. Intertekst Wilna w twórczości Vaidotasa DaunysaCelem artykułu jest opis i analiza intertekstu Wilna w twórczości litewskiego poety, eseisty i wydawcy Vaidotasa Daunysa (1958–1995). Do realizacji zadania zostały wykorzystane kategorie intertekstualności i intertekstu (J. Kristeva, R. Barthes, M. Riffaterre, M. Głowiński, S. Balbus, R. Nycz). Dla każdego czytelnika poezji i eseistyki Daunysa, Wilno to konstrukt mentalny, wielowarstwowa struktura znaczeń, złożona metafora odnosząca się do konkretnego miejsca na mapie Europy Północno-Wschodniej, politycznego centrum niepodległej od 1990 roku Republiki Litewskiej. Już wczesna liryka Daunysa z debiutanckiego tomu Metų laikai [Pory roku, 1985] odwołuje się do tematyki miejskiej, która z czasem stanie się także ważnym motywem jego eseistyki. To tutaj po raz pierwszy pojawiły się tematy, metafory i symbole, które twórca rozwijał (przetwarzał) przez kolejne dziesięciolecie: miasta mitu, miasta natury, miasta wiary. Dorobek poetycki Daunysa ilustruje proces ewolucji od miasta osobistego i psychologicznego (zindywidualizowanego miejsca przeżyć podmiotu lirycznego, w którym historia dzieje się tu i teraz) do meta-miasta i filozofii miasta (idei Wilna ponadczasowego, wspólnotowego, sakralnego). V. Daunys był obdarzony wyjątkowym darem uważności, dlatego w swojej twórczości (i twórczej działalności) tak konsekwentnie i umiejętnie, na poziomie estetycznym, etycznym, filozoficznym i teologicznym, rozwijał ideę Wilna jako wielogłosowego centrum ojczyzny, bałtyjskiej kolebki litewskości i zarazem domu wielu języków, kultur i narodów. Źródłem inspiracji była dla niego kultura litewska i kultura europejska (głównie literatura oscylująca wokół zagadnień egzystencjalnych i ontologicznych; filozofia chrześcijańska i egzystencjalna; ale także historia, muzyka, architektura i fotografia), osadzone na mocnym fundamencie chrześcijańskim (Biblia). Przełożone na język współczesnego miasta i doświadczenia czasów przełomu, utworzyły fascynującą swoją wielorodnością intertekstualną siatkę znaczeniową Wilna.

"(In)distinct Languages": Revisiting the Dualism of Literal and Literary Meaning in Roman Jakobson and Donald Davidson

(In)distinct Languages: Revisiting the Dualism of Literal and Literary Meaning in Roman Jakobson and Donald Davidson The paper traces the relationship between the literal and literary language that is found in structuralism and analytic philosophy. The paper’s gist provides a comparative account of Roman Jakobson’s and Donald Davidson’s notions of poetic language and their relation to the general idea of language as it is given in their work. In reconsidering Jakobson’s and Davidson’s arguments, I propose abandoning the dualistic hypotheses of the oppositions between literal and non-literal language, and between literal and literary language. I contend that the notions of first and literal meanings are necessary for other types of interpretation. The dualistic hypothesis requires the cascade model, which displays a bottom-top transition across hierarchically arranged levels of meanings. Instead, I outline the multilayered structure of language with two thresholds: mimetic and semiotic. Therefore, the cascade model should be replaced with the palimpsest model of concurring, merging, and blending layers of meanings. Języki (nie)odrębne. Jeszcze raz o dualizmie znaczeń, dosłownego i literackiego, u Romana Jakobsona i Donalda DavidsonaW artykule poddano analizie relacje między językiem dosłownym a językiem literackim, występujące w strukturalizmie i filozofii analitycznej. W rozważaniach istotna była konfrontacja koncepcji języka poetyckiego Romana Jakobsona i Donalda Davidsona oraz ich związku z ogólną ideą języka, jaką można znaleźć w ich pracach. Rozważając ponownie argumenty Jakobsona i Davidsona, autor proponuje porzucić dualistyczne hipotezy, zasadzające się na opozycji między językiem dosłownym a językiem niedosłownym oraz między językiem dosłownym a językiem literackim. Twierdzi, że pojęcia znaczenia pierwszego i dosłownego są niezbędne w innych typach interpretacji. Hipoteza dualistyczna wymaga modelu kaskadowego, który ukazuje przejście od dołu do góry przez hierarchicznie ułożone poziomy znaczeń. Zamiast tego autor zarysowuje wielowarstwową strukturę języka z dwoma poziomami: mimetycznym i semiotycznym i wskazuje na konieczność zastąpienia modelu kaskadowego palimpsestowym modelem współbieżności, łączenia i mieszania warstw znaczeniowych.

The Layered Encapsulation of Vitamin B2 and β-Carotene in Multilayer Alginate/Chitosan Gel Microspheres: Improving the Bioaccessibility of Vitamin B2 and β-Carotene

This research underlines the potential of alginate multilayered gel microspheres for the layered encapsulation and the simultaneous delivery of vitamin B2 (VB) and β-carotene (BC). Chitosan was used to improve the stability and controlled release ability of alginate-based gel microspheres. It was shown that a clear multilayered structure possessed the characteristics of pH response, and excellent thermal stability. The sodium alginate concentration and the number of layers had notable effects on mechanical properties and particle size of gel microspheres. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses further proved that VB and BC were encapsulated within the gel microspheres. Compared with the three-layer VB-loaded gel microspheres, the total release of VB from the three-layer VB and BC-loaded gel decreased from 93.23 to 85.58%. The total release of BC from the three-layer VB and BC-loaded gel increased from 66.11 to 69.24% compared with three-layer BC-loaded gel. The simultaneous encapsulation of VB and BC in multilayered gel microspheres can markedly improve their bioaccessibility and bioavailability. These results showed the multilayer gel microspheres synthesized herein have potential for applications in the layered encapsulation and simultaneous delivery of various bioactive substances to the intestinal tract.

Shielding Analysis of Metal Hydride-based Materials for Both Neutron and Gamma Rays Using Monte Carlo Simulation

Radiation causes damage to the human body, the environment, and electronic equipment. Shielding against neutron and gamma rays is particularly difficult because of their strong ability to penetrate materials. Conventional gamma ray shields are typically made of materials containing Pb. However, they pose problems in that Pb is a heavy metal, and human poisoning and/or pollution can result from the manufacturing, use, and disposal of these materials. In addition, neutron rays are shielded by materials rich in H2 or concrete. In the case of the latter, the manufacturing cost is high. Thus, it is necessary to develop a new multilayer structure that can shield against both neutron and gamma rays. We set up a simulation model of a multilayered structure consisting of metal hydrides and heavy metals, and then evaluated the simulations using Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code. Monte Carlo simulation is an accurate method for simulating the interaction between radiation and materials, and can be applied to the transport of radiation particles to predict values such as flux, energy spectrum, and energy deposition. The results of the study indicated the multilayer structure of ZrH2, U, and W could shield both neutron and gamma rays, thus showing potential as a new shielding material to replace Pb and concrete.

Functional Responsibility of International Organisations

This book provides a novel approach to the allocation of international responsibility in a multilayered structure like the European Union. Introducing a new concept of functional international responsibility, this study finds that in international economic law the focus of international dispute settlement bodies is not on the responsible party, but on a party best placed to bear responsibility. The book offers a comprehensive analysis of international rules of responsibility and international dispute settlement practice, primarily that of the World Trade Organization and investment arbitration. The study offers a practically applicable approach to questions of international responsibility which will assist international adjudicators, EU and Member States' officials and third country government agents who negotiate economic agreements and are involved in international economic disputes. The book is also relevant to those interested in the governance and accountability questions under the new EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement.

FAСADE AND ROOF FORM CREATION POTENTIAL AS VISUAL AND AESTHETIC EXPRESSIVENESS MEANS OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

Working with a building's facade and the roof significantly influence the visual and artistic image of residential buildings. The potential of visual-compositional means for the creation of expressive building forms is only partially used today. Maximizing the efficiency principle of building plots often has a negative impact on the overall aesthetics. Homogeneity, recurrence, absence of profile characterize such architectural solutions. Architecture as an environment from which it is impossible to abstract, it is necessary to promote the formation of aesthetically attractive buildings and structures. We can achieve it by using a variety of compositional principles, working with different spatial scales, taking into account the laws of visual perception. Facades can be created with the following design principles: the facade should reflect the internal structure of the building, each of the facades should differ from each other depending on the location and orientation, facade surfaces should include multilayered structure, avoid blind surfaces, include details. When designing roofs, the following aspects should be taken into account: the roof has a significant effect on the silhouette of the spatial image of the building, the optimal solution is a combination of flat and sloping elements when creating a silhouette of forgetfulness. When working on a simple form of the building should work on different artistic levels from the city to the details, take into account the main species points for shaping, pay attention in detail to the place of the combination of the building with the plane of the earth and sky.

One-Step Formation of Reduced Graphene Oxide from Insulating Polymers Induced by Laser Writing Method

Finding a low-cost and effective method at low temperatures for producing reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has been the focus of many efforts in the research community for almost two decades. Overall, rGO is a promising candidate for use in supercapacitors, batteries, biosensors, photovoltaic devices, corrosion inhibitors, and optical devices. Herein, we report the formation of rGO from two electrically insulating polymers, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and meta-polybenzimidazole fiber (m-PBI), using an excimer pulsed laser annealing (PLA) method. The results from X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, electron backscattered diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirm the successful generation of rGO with the formation of a multilayered structure. We investigated the mechanisms for the transformation of PTFE and PBI into rGO. The PTFE transition occurs by both a photochemical mechanism and a photothermal mechanism. The transition of PBI is dominated by a photo-oxidation mechanism and stepwise thermal degradation. After degradation and degassing procedures, both the polymers leave behind free molten carbon with some oxygen and hydrogen content. The free molten carbon undergoes an undercooling process with a regrowth velocity (<4 m s−1) that is necessary for the formation of rGO structures. This approach has the potential for use in creating future selective polymer-written electronics.

The Formation of Spore-Like Akinetes: A Survival Strategy of Filamentous Cyanobacteria

Some cyanobacteria of the order Nostocales can form akinetes, spore-like dormant cells resistant to various unfavorable environmental fluctuations. Akinetes are larger than vegetative cells and contain large quantities of reserve products, mainly glycogen and the nitrogen storage polypeptide polymer cyanophycin. Akinetes are enveloped in a thick protective coat containing a multilayered structure and are able to germinate into new vegetative cells under suitable growth conditions. Here, we summarize the significant morphological and physiological changes that occur during akinete differentiation and germination and present our investigation of the physiological function of the storage polymer cyanophycin in these cellular processes. We show that the cyanophycin production is not required for formation and germination of the akinetes in the filamentous cyanobacterium <i>Anabaena variabilis</i> ATCC 29413.

Theoretical Analysis of Tuning and Sensitivity Improvement of Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor employing Heterostructures of Titanium Disilicide and Graphene

In this work, a surface plasmons resonance-based biosensor is theoretically and mathematically investigated. The proposed sensor is a multilayered structure of the titanium disilicide and graphene along with Ag metal. These layers are stacked over the BK7 prism. The metal, titanium disilicide, and graphene layer thickness are taken as 45 nm, 2 nm, and 1.7 nm, respectively. The titanium disilicide is an air-stable 2-D material. The performance of the biosensor is analyzed using the attenuated total reflection (ATR) method. The proposed configuration has a maximum sensitivity of 183.4°/RIU, 47.45 % higher than the conventional sensor. The designed sensor has wide applications in chemical, medical, and biological analyte sensing.

A Graphical Pressure Sensor Array With Multilayered Structure: Written Through Graphene Ink on Cellulose Paper Substrate

Paper based flexible pressure sensors have received extensive attention due to their recoverability and accessibility. In this paper, we proposed graphical pressure sensors array with multilayered structure. A simple writing method was adopted to achieve the adsorption of sensitive materials on the fiber structure of cellulose paper. Pressure sensors with 1, 3, 5 and 7 stacked layers were fabricated and compared, respectively. The results show that the 7layers sensor combined high sensitivity (44 kPa-1) and fast time response (150 ms). The highly sensitive stacked paper-based sensor array realizes the pressure detection of objects and special-shaped surfaces. A pressure sensor base on commercial corrugated box was also fabricated to compare. The corrugated carton array was made to switch reminder devices for its convenience and accessibility. Since there are many scenarios that require a safe distance, especially under the influence of the COVID-19, the writable paper-based sensor array was used to realize graphical distance perception and warning.