Sarcoma of the breast: breast cancer history as etiologic and prognostic factor—A population-based case–control study

Purpose Sarcomas of the breast account for about 1% of all breast malignancies. The aim of this national survey was to explore etiologic and prognostic factors. Methods Utilizing national Swedish registers, all patients registered with mesenchymal tumors in the breast during the period 1993–2013 (n = 344) were identified and compared to up to ten age and gender matched controls. Cancer history was retrieved for cases and controls. Conditional Poisson regression models were used for calculation of odds ratios. Results Previous breast cancer was overrepresented among patients with angiosarcoma. The highest risk occurred ≥ 5 years after treatment for breast cancer (OR 73.9, 95% confidence interval, CI, 25.4–215; P < 0.001). An increase in incidence of angiosarcoma was observed during the study period (1.10, 95% CI 1.05–1.16; P < 0.001). The overall incidence of breast sarcoma increased from 1.52 to 2.04 cases per million per year. Angiosarcoma of the breast was associated with a significant excess mortality compared to age-matched controls (HR 4.65, 95% CI 3.01–7.19; P < 0.001). Conclusions Angiosarcoma increased in incidence and displayed a more severe clinical course, with significantly shorter survival. The strong association between a history of breast cancer 5 years or more prior to the diagnosis of angiosarcoma points to radiotherapy as a contributing factor.

The Network of Angiotensin Receptors in Breast Cancer

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a network of proteins regulating many aspects of human physiology, including cardiovascular, pulmonary, and immune system physiology. The RAS is a complicated network of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) (i.e., AT1R, AT2R, MASR, and MRGD) orchestrating the effects of several hormones (i.e., angiotensin II, angiotensin (1–7), and alamandine) produced by protease-based transmembrane receptors (ACE1 and ACE2). Two signaling axes have been identified in the RAS endocrine system that mediate the proliferative actions of angiotensin II (i.e., the AT1R-based pathway) or the anti-proliferative effects of RAS hormones (i.e., the AT2R-, MAS-, and MRGD-based pathways). Disruption of the balance between these two axes can cause different diseases (e.g., cardiovascular pathologies and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2- (SARS-CoV-2)-based COVID-19 disease). It is now accepted that all the components of the RAS endocrine system are expressed in cancer, including cancer of the breast. Breast cancer (BC) is a multifactorial pathology for which there is a continuous need to identify novel drugs. Here, I reviewed the possible roles of both axes of the RAS endocrine network as potential druggable pathways in BC. Remarkably, the analysis of the current knowledge of the different GPCRs of the RAS molecular system not only confirms that AT1R could be considered a drug target and that its inhibition by losartan and candesartan could be useful in the treatment of BC, but also identifies Mas-related GPCR member D (MRGD) as a druggable protein. Overall, the RAS of GPCRs offers multifaceted opportunities for the development of additional compounds for the treatment of BC.

Management of breast cancer 50 years ago

In 1970, 50 years ago, I had headed the newly established Academic Unit of Surgery at the Westminster Medical School for 10 years. Since my appointment there in 1960, and for the next 30 years, one of my main interests as a general surgeon was the management of diseases of the breast – breast cancer in particular.

Public Policies and patents for breast cancer in Brazil, India and Australia

This article illustrates that public policies to facilitate access to medicines, research investments, and self-awareness for breast cancer are the way to change the scenario of breast cancer in Brazil, India and Australia. The motivation was due to the fact that the literature reports breast cancer as a public health problem due to high incidence and mortality rates, whether the country is developed or not. The method adopted was the review study based on the data analysis on public policies and patents for breast cancer in Brazil, India and Australia available in official websites, INPI, Espacenet and Patentscope databases, journals and international newspapers Specialized and physical literature related to the theme. The descriptors used were cancer, breast, breast cancer, breast cancer and Australia, cancer patents, breast cancer and India. The following inclusion criteria used were year and period of publication, availability of the article in full and the intersection between the descriptors. The research concluded that there is an urgent need to prioritize public health with more investment in breast cancer research and awareness programs on the importance of early detection in those countries, primarily in India.