INTERCONNECTION OF CULTURE AND HISTORY IN THE PHILOSOPHICAL HERITAGE OF L.P. KARSAVIN

We consider the relation between culture and history in the philosophical heritage of the Russian religious thinker at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries L.P. Karsavin. It is shown that culture and history, in Karsavin's intentions, represent the result of the highest actualization of the Absolute and at the same time are the result of the activity of an empirical subject. Every culture has its own subjective origin. It is the personality that is the «bridge» that connects culture and history. A model of the relationship between culture and history, in the views of L.P. Karsavin, is revealed: thesis (cultural tradition) – antithesis (destruction of tradition) – removal of antithesis (something new, as a result of creative processing of tradition). It is concluded that the correlation between culture and history is irrational, since the sequence and strength of changes in cultural forms largely depend on the individual.

СУБ`ЄКТИВНЕ НАЧАЛО ЯК ОРГАНІЗУЮЧИЙ ЦЕНТР ЛИСТУВАННЯ РОМАНТИКІВ

The article reveals epistolary collections of romanticists. It is established, that the subjective origin is an organizational principle in romanticists’ mail communication. Absolutizing a human being, an individual, romanticists demonstrated stronger interest to their inner being and eagerness to master the deepness of their spirit. Herewith artistic romanticists’ discoveries connected to mastering spiritual essence were done by them not only in the process of observing their contemporaries but also by dipping into their inner world, in particular in the epistolary artistic process that is witnessed with the analyzes of mail communication creations. Romanticists’ mail communication either European or Ukrainian in particular are full of courageous psychological analyzes, reflection and self-dipping. They foresee limiting «uncovering» of addresser’s soul and heart. These letters are characterized by typical romantic topics that let know about them in romanticists’ artistic heritage which pays its attention to limiting person’s states.

ЕПІСТОЛЯРІЙ МИКОЛИ ГОГОЛЯ У СТУДІЮВАННІ КУЛІША-РОМАНТИКА

The article reveals P. Kulish’s studies on M. Gogol. It is established, that the actualization of the letter correspondence genre at the time of Romanticism was determined by the whole complex of literary and non- literary causes. Here we point out to anthropocentrism of Romanticism literature, to the strengthening of the subjective origin in it, to the changes in the human concept and to the change of the artist concept (if we talk about publishing practice of Romantics) where a Romantic was proclaimed to martyr and demigod at the same time and it raised great interest to the writers’ epistolary. It is stated that P. Kulish’s interest to epistolary inheritance of M. Gogol was caused by typical romantic instructions according to which a letter was proclaimed as a priority source of studying addressee’s spiritual biography. Composing letters according to the chronological principle P. Kulish was directed by the aspiration to draw spiritual evolution of their author and that fully suited the publishing practice of Romantics.

An interval assessment of the uncertainty of fire and emerging risk parameters

Uncertainty as an attribute of fire and emerging risks has both objective and subjective origin. Like measure uncertainty in modern metrology, the uncertainty in the risk theory has qualitative and quantitative aspects. Several methods for uncertainty quantifying are known. Taking into account the specifics of dangerous industrial objects, the probabilistic approach to quantitative estimation of their risk parameter uncertainty is inapplicable. A good alternative is to assess the fire and emerging risks in the interval setting. In addition to directly assessing the uncertainty of the results obtained — the risk indicators — it also makes it possible to estimate the parametric sensitivity of the model and to assess the conservatism of the assumptions made.

Objects as Limits of Experience and the Notion of Horizon in Mathematical Theories

The present work is an attempt to bring attention to the application of several key ideas of Husserl ‘s Krisis in the construction of certain mathematical theories that claim to be altemative nonstandard versions of the standard Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory. In general, these theories refute, at least semantically, the platonistic context of the Cantorian system and to one or the other degree are motivated by the notions of the lifeworld as the pregiven holistic field of experience and that of horizon as the boundary of human perceptions and the de facto constraint in reaching limit-idealizations. Moreover, 1 try to give convincing reasons for the existence of an ultimate constitutional ‘vacuum’ of a subjective origin that is formally refiected in the application of a notion of actual infinity in dealing generally with the mathematical infinite.

Commitment: A parameter for the contrastive analysis of be going to and aller + inf.

This paper aims at reexamining the notion of commitment through a case study: the comparison of the periphrases be going to and aller + inf. in contemporary English and French in a variety of texts and syntactic environments. Three cases are examined: the occurrence of the two periphrases in conditional si / if-clauses, their use in narratives and their predictive use in news texts. This study is based on authentic translated data drawn from literary and journalistic texts and relies on an enunciative definition of commitment: commitment is defined as a ‘direct mode of enunciation’ where the speaker is the subjective origin validating or contemplating the future validation of the propositional content. The three cases under scrutiny show that be going to and aller + inf. are not strictly equivalent and I argue that the absence of equivalence can be linked to the fact that they behave differently as far as commitment is concerned.