Trend-cycle Approach to Estimate Changes in Southern Canada’s Water Yield

Quantifying how Canada’s water yield has changed over time is an important component of the water accounts maintained by Statistics Canada. This study evaluates the movement in the series of annual water yield estimates for Southern Canada from 1971 to 2004. We estimated the movement in the series using a trend-cycle approach and found that water yield for Southern Canada has generally decreased over the period of observation.

Filantropi Pembiayaan Lembaga Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini

This research on Philanthropy for The Financing of Educational Institutions in KB Al Hikmah Purworejo was conducted to find out about how philanthropy financing is carried out in kb AL Hikmah Purworejo. The method used in this article is a type of qualitative descriptive research. Data collection techniques are carried out with observations, interviews and documentation. The analysis techniques carried out are the presentation of data, and draw conclusions. The results of this study show that philanthropy financing is still needed in kb Al Hikmah institutions considering the needs of institutions that have not been able to be fully independent. With the philanthropy by the community also supports learning activities so that kb Al Hikmah institutions remained until now even in pandemic situations. Philanthropic activities financing by the community there are carried out routinely every month such as the addition of teacher salaries, payment of electricity and water accounts. So with the philanthropy financing of this institution is very helpful in the process of learning and improving the quality of early childhood education

Evidence for widespread woody plant use of water stored in bedrock

Woody plant transpiration is a major control on Earth’s climate system, streamflow, and human water supply. Soils are widely considered to be the primary reservoir of water for woody plants, however, plants also access water stored in the fractures and pores of bedrock, either as rock moisture (water stored in the unsaturated zone) (Schwinning, 2010) or bedrock groundwater (below the water table) (Miller et al., 2010). Bedrock as a water source for plants has not been evaluated over large scales, and consequently, its importance to terrestrial water and carbon cycling is poorly known (Fan et al., 2019). Here, we show that woody plants routinely access significant quantities of water stored in bedrock —commonly as rock moisture —for transpiration across diverse climates and biomes. For example, in California, the volume of bedrock water transpired by woody vegetation annually exceeds that stored in man-made reservoirs, and woody vegetation that withdraws bedrock water accounts for over 50% of the aboveground carbon stocks in the state. Our findings show that bedrock water storage dynamics are a critical element of terrestrial water cycling and therefore necessary to capture the effect of shifting climate on woody ecosystems, above- and belowground carbon storage, and water resources.

Water balance of Lake Gardno

The article describes the characteristics of water circulation in the coastal Lake Gardno. The water cycle is based on water balance data calculated for the period 2003–2007 concerning hydrological years, including the components of horizontal and vertical exchange. Due to the coastal location of the lake, particular attention was paid to the share of the seawater in the lake water cycle. It was found that the inflow of sea water accounts for 10% of the total inflow, while inflow from the land accounts for 86% of the total.

Natural Capital Accounting for Water Resources

Finding appropriate mechanisms by which to value the environment and incorporate it into economics remains a sizeable challenge for researchers in the field. Attributes of natural resources feasibly align with an economist’s notion of ‘capital’. But once nature is defined as capital, there is a crucial distinction between stocks and flows, and as a result there are both opportunities and difficulties of incorporating them within the national accounts. This reasoning can be applied specifically to hydrological capital, as is shown by three real-world case studies. Hydrological capital is uniquely difficult to value, and that field is still in its infancy. But examples demonstrate that water accounts can be used to inform policy, and that it is possible to acknowledge and account for water as a capital asset.

Will Irrigation Technology, Pricing, or Quotas Ensure Sustainable Water Use?

Irrigation dominates demand in many watershort countries, generating competition, scarcity, and environmental degradation. Remedies require political commitment, laws, institutional reforms and technical interventions, collectively based on physical water accounts that distinguish between nonconsumptive uses that largely return water to the surface or subsurface system environment for reuse, and consumptive uses that remove water from the local water system. Domestic and industrial uses predominate in the former category; irrigation dominates the latter. The most commonly recommended solution to the water crisis, namely improved technology, has the potential to worsen scarcity by increasing both consumption and demand for water. An alternative option, pricing, has nowhere been successfully demonstrated to reduce irrigation demand to sustainable levels. Enforced physical quotas that are consistent with sustainable consumption is the only proven approach, and it is essential that the elements necessary to achieve this are introduced before widespread adoption of ‘hi tech’ irrigation is promoted.