Geometrical nonlinearities and shape effects in electromechanical models of piezoelectric bridge structures

We consider nonlinear shape effects appearing in the lumped electromechanical model of a bimorph piezoelectric bridge structure due to the interaction between the electromechanical constitutive model and the geometry of the structure. At finite proof-mass displacement and electrode voltage, the shape of the beams is no longer given by Euler-Bernoulli theory which implies that shape effects enter in both the electrical and mechanical domains and in the coupling between them. Accounting for such effects is important for the accurate modelling of, e.g., piezoelectrical energy harvesters and actuators in the regime of large deflections and voltages. We present a general method, based on a variational approach minimizing the Gibbs enthalpy of the system, for computing corrections to the nominal shape function and the associated corrections to the lumped model. The lowest order correction is derived explicitly and is shown to produce significant improvements in model accuracy, both in terms of the Gibbs enthalpy and the shape function itself, over a large range of displacements and voltages. Furthermore, we validate the theoretical model using large deflection finite element simulations of the bridge structure and conclude that the lowest order correction substantially improve the model, obtaining a level of accuracy expected to be sufficient for most applications. Finally, we derive the equations of motion for the lowest order corrected model and show how the coupling between the electromechanical properties and the geometry of the bridge structure introduces nonlinear interaction terms.

Examining the weak cosmic censorship conjecture by gedanken experiments for an Einstein–Maxwell–Dilaton–Axion black hole

In the framework of the new version of the gedanken experiments proposed by Sorce and Wald, we investigate the weak cosmic censorship conjecture (WCCC) for an Einstein–Maxwell–Dilaton–Axion (EMDA) black hole. Our result shows that no violations of WCCC can occur with the increase of the background solution parameters for this near-extremal EMDA black hole when the second-order correction of the perturbations is taken into account. Namely, the near-extremal EMDA black hole cannot be over-charged or over-spun.