An analysis on the housing estate in India in reference to the rising urban slums and what is the current of the economy sector to provide housing to all

12 to 13% of the GDP is spent on housing which incorporate gross rent, utilizes and owners imputed rent. Housing is important for all, India is a developing economy, housing price and affordable varies from city to city and also depending upon the population of the state, for better income and education facilitates people shift to the metropolitan cities or smart cities. Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Surat, Bangalore are facing a rise in population, where people are facing housing problems, in India people either have their own homes or they live in rented house, 65,000 million population live in the slums area in rural India due to heavy storm or cyclone the kaccha houses flow away. 1 % of the village have paccha houses which is part of smart villages. The government has launched many schemes for providing housing loans and construction of loans, however with the growing population, we require more space for housing, the smart city mission is one of the ways to provide housing for all. We need to adopt smart technology, smart living and smart housing which will provide maximum benefit at a limited cost.

Housing wealth, mortgages and Australians’ labour force participation in later life

In the life cycle model of consumption and saving, homeownership is an important vehicle for horizontal redistribution. Households accumulate wealth in owner-occupied housing during working lives before benefiting from imputed rent streams in retirement. But in some countries housing wealth’s welfare role has broadened as owners increasingly use flexible mortgages to smooth consumption during working lives. One consequence is higher outstanding mortgages later in life, a burden exacerbated by high real house prices that compel home buyers to demand mortgages that are a growing multiple of their incomes. We investigate whether these developments are prompting longer working lives, an idea that is especially relevant in countries offering relatively low government pensions. Australia is one such country. We use the 2001–2017 panels of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey to estimate hazard models of exits from the Australian labour force as workers approach pensionable age. We find that those with high outstanding mortgage debts are more likely to postpone retirement, as are those with relatively low amounts of private pension wealth. These results are stronger in urban housing markets, and especially among males.

International Comparisons of Poverty in South Asia

This paper explores the methodological differences underlying the construction of the national consumption aggregates that are used to estimate international poverty rates for South Asian countries. The analysis draws on a regional dataset of standardized consumption aggregates to assess the sensitivity of international poverty rates to the items included in the national consumption aggregates. A key feature of the standardized aggregate is that it includes the reported value of housing rent for urban Indian homeowners. Using the standardized consumption aggregates reduces the international poverty rate in South Asia by 1.3 percentage points, impacting the status of about 18.5 million people. Comparing standardized and nonstandardized monetary welfare indicators to other nonmonetary indicators suggests that the latter are more consistent with the standardized consumption aggregates. Overall, the results strongly suggest that harmonizing the construction of welfare measures, particularly the treatment of imputed rent, can meaningfully improve the accuracy of international poverty comparisons.

Nexus between housing and pension policies in Singapore: measuring retirement adequacy of the Central Provident Fund

Empirically, in many developed countries, homeownership rises with age. Both housing wealth and financial wealth affect retirement adequacy. Focusing replacement rates based on pension incomes alone may detract from the full retirement adequacy picture, as homeowners do not pay rent and hence need less cash. This paper adopts a wider perspective of retirement adequacy and includes net imputed rents in the calculation of replacement rates to gauge retirement adequacy. Including net imputed rents in replacement rates calculation is particularly important for Singapore, given the prevalence of house ownership, made possible by the nexus between retirement and housing policies. Workers can use part of the monthly contributions to Singapore's central provident fund to finance housing. While this would tradeoff retirement savings, it boosts spendable income for home-owning retirees. It is found that incorporating net imputed rent in the computation of replacement rates boosts the replacement rates by 12 percentage points for a male median worker and by 15 percentage points for female median workers.

Japan recovery will rely on investment and exports

Significance Weak consumer spending data had already suggested the decline was coming, and the GDP data bore this out: real household consumption (excluding imputed rent) fell a sharp 3.5%. This cannot be blamed on the vagaries of deflators because even the nominal amounts fell across the board, from durables to services. Impacts Over the next twelve months the job market will slowly tighten as rising labour demand confronts a declining labour force. The CPI will remain below the Bank of Japan's (BoJ) target because aggregate demand, especially from households, remains less than robust. The BoJ will increase stimulus measures if third-quarter GDP is not strong and inflation remains weak. By 2016, prices and wages will rise more vigorously due to monetary policy and the tightening labour market.