Towards the Political Economy of Scientific and Technological Development (on Russian Example).

The article identifies the key problems of the development of innovative economics in Russia. One of the key and large-scale problems is the weak commercialization of innovations created with budget funds: there are many inventions, but few innovations. At present, there is also a problem of scientific migration in Russia: a significant number of scientists leave the country, thereby subsidizing the scientific and technological development of other states. The key reason for this state of affairs is the lack of the necessary institutional infrastructure. The willingness to solve the identified problems is closely related to the availability of competencies - not only scientific, but also organizational, as well as the presence of incentives,including incentives associated with the costs of innovations - not only in terms of obtaining the necessary knowledge and necessary for their implementation in the production process resources, but also to overcome the resistance of those who lose from innovation. That is why, in order to assess the possibility of a scientific and technological turn, it is necessary to understand what the forces of resistance are, as well as the organizational potential of groups, presumably ready to solve problems.

A Dynamic Forecasting Model for Scientific Migration in the Region

The population migration has attracted attention for more than a decade. As migration consequences differ in terms of characteristics and directions, governments worldwide are looking for solutions to regulate migration flows. The study aims to systematise push-pull factors of migration by analysing existing cases, as well as to build a model for predicting migration considering the quantitative interpretation of such factors. While migration factors are quite similar regardless of the country of residence, their main differences are compatibility and hierarchy. The most frequently mentioned factors include the expectation of income increase, improvement in the quality of life, professional aspects. Simultaneously, a certain pattern emerges: if a migrant’s material and economic needs are satisfied in the country of departure, they pay more attention to intangible/non-economic benefits (quality of life, infrastructure, etc.). A dynamic forecasting model for scientific migration has been developed based on the theory of positional games. The model demonstrates the changes in migration flows by describing the behaviour of a rational individual who seeks to maximise benefits from migration. The result of the simulation is a short-term forecast of trends in scientific migration of Ural scholars to key migration countries. The model predicts the intensification of migration flows to the leading Asian countries, their alignment with flows to America, and a decrease in migration to European countries. This forecast is characterised by a direct dependence of the dynamics of scientific migration flows on the socio-economic development of migration destinations. Practical implications of this study include the development of a predictive model describing migration flows in the short term as an analytical tool and systematisation of pull-push factors as key indicators for managing the migration flows of scientists. In addition, the research proposes measures positively affecting the balance of scientific migration.

Intellectual Migration of Ukrainians at the turn of the XX-XXI Centuries: the Magnitude and Main Characteristics of the Phenomenon

The article analyzes the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the phenomenon of external intellectual migration of Ukrainian citizens during the period of its independence. On the basis of statistical data, the magnitude of the departure of Ukrainians abroad in the framework of the processes of scientific and educational migration is studied. The development of the national scientific sector, which is marked by a gradual decrease in the number of trained specialists, including due to migration phenomenon, is characterized. The dynamics of Ukraine's loss of scientific personnel - doctors and candidates of sciences, whoactively moved to other states since 1991 - are researched. Periodization of the processes of scientific migration from our state is offered on the basis of characteristic features and reasons. According to it, the emigration of Ukrainian scholars took place in four stages, the last of which characterizes migration movements in the XXI century. The branches of Ukrainian scientific sector, which suffered the most from the migration movement while losing their trained personnel in favor of other states, have been determined. The phenomenon of student migration, which is characterized primarily by the departure of the younger generation of Ukrainians for studying in other states, is analyzed. It is emphasized that this process, despite its scheduled temporary nature, very often becomes irreversible and leads to the loss of perspective human resources by our state. Separately, the processes of emigration of highly skilled specialists are considered on the example of representatives of the IT sphere. In order to create a forecast for the future of the phenomenon under investigation, the results of surveys of student youth are presented, which demonstrate the positive attitude of young Ukrainians towards the prospect of external migration. It is stated that large scale losses of intellectual potential and the impossibility of its reproduction because of the migratory preferences of young people form a challenging situation, which becomes an urgent threat to the stable development of the Ukrainian state. Keywords: Intellectual migration, scientific migration, educational migration, brain circulation, scientific potential, student youth, scientific environment, highly skilled specialists, Ukraine