maternal exposures
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Gut Microbes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
Allison Grech ◽  
Clare E Collins ◽  
Andrew Holmes ◽  
Ravin Lal ◽  
Kerith Duncanson ◽  
...  

Reproduction ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 160 (5) ◽  
pp. R111-R118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taniya S Nagpal ◽  
Michelle F Mottola

According to The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease theory, the intrauterine environment of the developing fetus may impact later life physiology, including susceptibility to chronic disease conditions. Maternal exposures during pregnancy can affect the intrauterine environment and result in fetal programming for chronic diseases through changes in the structure or function of specific organs. Negative maternal exposures, such as poor nutrition intake, have been shown to increase the risk for later life chronic diseases. On the contrary, healthful behaviors, such as physical activity, may have a positive and protective effect against chronic disease risk. This narrative review summarizes literature to discuss the potential preventative role prenatal physical activity may have on prevalent chronic diseases: obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. We describe the natural physiological response to pregnancy that may increase the risk for complications and consequently later life disease for both mother and baby. We then present evidence highlighting the role prenatal exercise may have in preventing pregnancy complications and downstream chronic disease development, as well as proposing potential mechanisms that may explain the protective maternal and fetal physiological response to exercise. As the prevalence of these non-communicable diseases increase globally, intervening during pregnancy with an effective exercise intervention may be the key to preventing chronic disease risk in more than one generation.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenna C. Carlson ◽  
John R. Shaffer ◽  
Fred Deleyiannis ◽  
Jacqueline T. Hecht ◽  
George L. Wehby ◽  
...  

ABSTRACTNon-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) is a common birth defect, affecting approximately 1 in 700 births. NSCL/P has complex etiology including several known genes and environmental factors; however, known genetic risk variants only account for a small fraction of the heritability of NSCL/P. It is commonly suggested that gene-by-environment (G×E) interactions may help explain some of the “missing” heritability of NSCL/P. We conducted a genome-wide G×E interaction study in European cases and controls with three common maternal exposures during pregnancy: alcohol, smoking, and vitamin use using a two-stage design. After selecting 127 loci with suggestive 2df tests for gene and G x E effects, 40 loci showed significant G x E effects after correcting for multiple tests. Notable interactions included SNPs of 6q22 near VGLL2 with alcohol and 6p22.3 near PRL with smoking. These interactions could provide new insights into the etiology of CL/P and new opportunities to modify risk through behavioral changes.


2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 516-527
Author(s):  
Theresa L Pitts-Singer

Abstract Megachile rotundata F. populations are managed to pollinate alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. (Fabaceae), for seed production in western North America. Some progeny produced in summer by overwintered M. rotundata females enter diapause as prepupae to overwinter and become adults the following year. Other offspring avert diapause to undergo adult emergence in summer. The regulatory mechanism(s) of diapause induction or aversion is unknown; the process apparently involves multiple and integrated factors. This 4-yr study sought to determine effects of the exposure of mother bees to short, long, very long, and natural photoperiods on their production of non-diapausing and diapausing progeny. Just-emerged adult bees from both Utah and Canada sources were exposed to different photoperiods for 3 d in incubators and then released into field enclosures placed over blooming alfalfa. Control bees were those exposed to only outdoor conditions. Reproduction was monitored for each female bee, and offspring diapause outcome was recorded. Progeny outcome data were informative for only two of the four study years. Generally, progeny of Utah mothers exposed to long and very long photoperiods were more likely to be non-diapausers compared to progeny of mothers exposed to short and control photoperiods. Short and long (but not very long) photoperiod maternal exposures increased the likelihood of diapause aversion in Canada progeny. Performing multiyear field studies on geographically distinct populations is imperative for revealing environmental challenges and inconsistent bee performance that can impair analyses and interpretation. Future similar studies are needed to more fully evaluate photoperiod effects on diapause.


2019 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 528-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivory Huang ◽  
Diane Mak ◽  
Prudence Cheung ◽  
Miriam Abraham ◽  
Tom Clemens ◽  
...  

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