scholarly journals Physical activity throughout pregnancy is key to preventing chronic disease

Reproduction ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 160 (5) ◽  
pp. R111-R118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taniya S Nagpal ◽  
Michelle F Mottola
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Intrauterine Environment ◽  
Chronic Disease Risk ◽  
Maternal Exposures

According to The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease theory, the intrauterine environment of the developing fetus may impact later life physiology, including susceptibility to chronic disease conditions. Maternal exposures during pregnancy can affect the intrauterine environment and result in fetal programming for chronic diseases through changes in the structure or function of specific organs. Negative maternal exposures, such as poor nutrition intake, have been shown to increase the risk for later life chronic diseases. On the contrary, healthful behaviors, such as physical activity, may have a positive and protective effect against chronic disease risk. This narrative review summarizes literature to discuss the potential preventative role prenatal physical activity may have on prevalent chronic diseases: obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. We describe the natural physiological response to pregnancy that may increase the risk for complications and consequently later life disease for both mother and baby. We then present evidence highlighting the role prenatal exercise may have in preventing pregnancy complications and downstream chronic disease development, as well as proposing potential mechanisms that may explain the protective maternal and fetal physiological response to exercise. As the prevalence of these non-communicable diseases increase globally, intervening during pregnancy with an effective exercise intervention may be the key to preventing chronic disease risk in more than one generation.

scholarly journals Effects of supplementation with carnosine and other histidine-containing dipeptides on chronic disease risk factors and outcomes: protocol for a systematic review of randomised controlled trials

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. e020623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirthi Menon ◽  
Aya Mousa ◽  
Barbora de Courten
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Randomised Controlled Trials ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Chronic Disease Risk ◽  
Randomised Controlled

IntroductionAgeing of populations globally, coupled with the obesity epidemic, has resulted in the rising prevalence of chronic diseases including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancers and neurodegenerative disorders. Prevention of risk factors that contribute to these diseases is key in managing the global burden of chronic diseases. Recent studies suggest that carnosine, a dipeptide with anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and antiglycating properties may have a role in the prevention of chronic diseases; however, no previous reviews have examined the effects of carnosine and other histidine-containing peptides (HCDs) on chronic disease risk factors and outcomes. We aim to conduct a comprehensive systematic review to examine the effects of supplementation with carnosine and other HCDs on chronic disease risk factors and outcomes and to identify relevant knowledge gaps.Methods and analysisElectronic databases including Medline, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health, Embase and all Evidence-Based Medicine will be systematically searched to identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews of RCTs, comparing supplementation with carnosine and/or other HCDs versus placebo, usual care or other pharmacological or non-pharmacological interventions. One reviewer will screen titles and abstracts for eligibility according to prespecified inclusion criteria, after which two independent reviewers will perform data extraction and quality appraisal. Meta-analyses, metaregression and subgroup analyses will be conducted where appropriate.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval is not required as this review does not involve primary data collection. This review will generate level-one evidence regarding the effects of carnosine supplementation on chronic disease risk factors and outcomes and will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and at conference meetings to inform future research on the efficacy of carnosine supplementation for the prevention of chronic diseases.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42017075354.

scholarly journals Association of Vitamin D Status with Chronic Disease Risk Factors and Cognitive Dysfunction in 50–70 Year Old Adults

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Japneet Kaur ◽  
Steven Ferguson ◽  
Eduardo Freitas ◽  
Ryan Miller ◽  
Debra Bemben ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Old Adults ◽  
Serum Vitamin D ◽  
Chronic Disease Risk ◽  
Vitamin D Levels

Vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency has been primarily associated with skeletal disorders, however, since vitamin D receptors are found on multiple types of cells, there is also a link to increased chronic disease risk and all-cause mortality. The aim of this study was to examine whether deficient/insufficient vitamin D levels are associated with risk factors of chronic diseases and cognitive dysfunction in 50 to 70 year old adults. Participants completed the health status, three-day dietary record and vitamin D food frequency, sun exposure, and international physical activity questionnaires. Cognitive function of the participants was assessed using the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics while body composition (percent body fat, android/gynoid ratio) was assessed using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry. Applanation tonometry was used to obtain pressure wave forms at the radial artery to examine arterial stiffness and central pressures. A fasting blood draw was taken to measure vitamin D, blood lipid and glucose levels. Fifty percent of the participants (36/72) were vitamin D deficient/insufficient. Individuals in the low physical activity (PA) group had lower serum vitamin D concentration compared to those in the high PA group (p = 0.04). Moreover, serum vitamin D levels were negatively related to risk factors of chronic diseases; blood glucose (r = −0.38; p = 0.01), triglycerides (r = −0.27; p = 0.02), and android/gynoid ratio (r = −0.32; p = 0.01). Deficient/insufficient vitamin D levels are linked to the risk factors of chronic diseases in men and women aged 50 to 70 years.

scholarly journals Sedentarism and chronic disease risk in COVID 19 lockdown – a scoping review

2020 ◽  
pp. 003693302094633
Author(s):  
Baskaran Chandrasekaran ◽  
Thiru Balaji Ganesan
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Sedentary Behaviour ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Chronic Disease Risk ◽  
Critical Measure ◽  
Obesity Hypertension

Background & Aims Though viewed as a critical measure to prevent the spread of the virus, a prolonged homestay may result in unfavourable sedentary behaviour and chronic disease risk. This systematic review focuses on sedentary behaviour resulting from this quarantine period which may elevate the cardiovascular disease risk, obesity, hypertension, cancer and mental health illness. Methods Evidence of breaking sedentary behaviour and global recommendations were investigated. Potential unanswered questions regarding sedentary behaviour and physical activity during lockdown were explored. Results Five systematic reviews and six prospective trials explored the effect of sedentarism affecting chronic disease through potential pathophysiological mechanisms. Sedentary behaviour especially prolonged sitting is found to be a pleiotropic risk factor with altered energy expenditure, adipogenic signalling, immunomodulation, autonomic stability and hormonal dysregulation perpetuating underlying chronic diseases such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, cancer and mental health disorders. Conclusion Breaking sitting and physical activity are found to reverse the adverse effects associated with excessive sitting during the lockdown.

Pregnancy, Physical Activity and Weight Control to Prevent Obesity and Future Chronic Disease Risk in Both Mother and Child

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle F. Mottola
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Weight Control ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Weight Retention ◽  
Chronic Disease Risk

Maternal obesity is accelerating world-wide and may be partly due to excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) and weight retention so that women begin a subsequent pregnancy with extra weight. Excessive GWG has been linked to chronic disease risk in the mother and also to an unhealthy foetal environment with downstream consequences for offspring health with risk for childhood obesity. Weight control during pregnancy and prevention of excessive GWG is an important issue for both mother and developing child. A healthy lifestyle through healthy eating and physical activity are key to prevention. Weight management for non-pregnant individuals has been evaluated for over 30 years, and lessons learned may assist in planning interventions for preventing excessive GWG. Many systematic reviews and meta-analyses analyzing the same studies on GWG report very different results. Recently, 10 intervention trials to prevent excessive GWG were published and only 6 of them were successful. Significant association between maternal exercise and GWG guidelines were reported, however, “one size does not fit all”. The failed trials did not have extra faceto- face sessions, were educational based and adherence was <50%. Accountability, face-to-face exercise sessions, and pedometers may motivate pregnant women to increase step counts to 10,000, which, when combined with nutrition control, prevents excessive GWG. Community walking programs that include family members and children may assist pregnant women of all body mass index categories to overcome potential barriers to promote a healthy lifestyle that will benefit them and their families for weight control and prevention of future chronic disease risk.

Skeletal muscle TLR4 and TACE are associated with body fat percentage in older adults

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 446-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle L. Timmerman ◽  
Ian D. Connors ◽  
Michael A. Deal ◽  
Rachael E. Mott
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Chronic Disease Risk

Elevated skeletal muscle expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been linked to increased inflammation in clinical populations. TNFα converting enzyme (TACE), which cleaves membrane-bound TNFα (mTNFα) to its soluble (sTNFα) and more bioactive form, has been linked to chronic disease. In contrast, higher physical activity level is associated with decreased chronic disease risk and inflammation. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between physical activity and skeletal muscle TLR4, TACE, and TNFα in older adults. In 26 older adults (age = 68 ± 4 years, body mass index = 26 ± 3 kg·m−2), self-reported physical activity (kcal·week−1), estimated maximal oxygen consumption, and body composition (air plethysmography) were measured. TLR4, TACE, mTNFα, and sTNFα were measured in skeletal muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) using western blot analyses. Pearson product-moment correlations were run between variables. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Skeletal muscle TACE was directly associated with sTNFα (r = 0.53, p < 0.01). Linear regression modeling showed that mTNFα and TACE expression were predictive of sTNFα expression. No correlations were observed between physical activity and TLR4, TACE, or sTNFα. Percent body fat was directly associated with skeletal muscle TLR4 (r = 0.52, p < 0.01) and TACE (r = 0.50, p < 0.01), whereas fasting blood glucose was directly associated with TACE and sTNFα. In conclusion, we found that percent body fat was directly associated with TLR4 and TACE expression in skeletal muscle of older adults. These findings suggest that elevated skeletal muscle expression of TLR4 and TACE may contribute to the augmented inflammation and chronic disease risk observed with increased adiposity.

scholarly journals Ketogenic Diets and Chronic Disease: Weighing the Benefits Against the Risks

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Crosby ◽  
Brenda Davis ◽  
Shivam Joshi ◽  
Meghan Jardine ◽  
Jennifer Paul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Chronic Disease Risk ◽  
Ketogenic Diets ◽  
Low Carbohydrate

Very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets have been long been used to reduce seizure frequency and more recently have been promoted for a variety of health conditions, including obesity, diabetes, and liver disease. Ketogenic diets may provide short-term improvement and aid in symptom management for some chronic diseases. Such diets affect diet quality, typically increasing intake of foods linked to chronic disease risk and decreasing intake of foods found to be protective in epidemiological studies. This review examines the effects of ketogenic diets on common chronic diseases, as well as their impact on diet quality and possible risks associated with their use. Given often-temporary improvements, unfavorable effects on dietary intake, and inadequate data demonstrating long-term safety, for most individuals, the risks of ketogenic diets may outweigh the benefits.

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