Glycaemic Control in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes Following a Single Telehealth Visit:What Have We Learned From the COVID-19 Lockdown?

Aims: Children with chronic diseases were unable to receive their usual care during COVID-19 lockdown. We assessed the feasibility and impact of telehealth visits on the time-in-range (TIR) of pediatric individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Methods: An observational multicenter real-life study. Patients scheduled for an in-clinic visit during the lockdown were offered to participate in a telehealth visit. Sociodemographic, clinical, continuous glucose monitor and pump data were recorded 2 weeks prior and 2 weeks after telehealth visit. The primary endpoint was change in relative-TIR, i.e change in TIR divided by the percent of possible change (∆TIR/(100-TIRbefore)*100). Results: The study group comprised 195 individuals with T1D (47.7% males), mean±SD age 14.6±5.3 years, diabetes duration 6.0±4.6 years. Telehealth was accomplished with 121 patients and their parents (62.0%); 74 (38.0%) did not transfer complete data. Mean TIR was significantly higher for the two-week period after the telehealth visit than for the two-week period prior the visit (62.9±16.0, p<0.001 vs. 59.0±17.2); the improvement in relative-TIR was 5.7±26.1%. Initial higher mean glucose level, lower TIR, less time spent at <54 mg/dl range, longer time spent at 180–250 mg/dl range, higher daily insulin dose and single parent household were associated with improved relative-TIR. Multiple regression logistic analysis demonstrated only initial lower TIR and single-parent household were significant, odds ratio: -0.506, (95%CI -0.99,-0.023), p=0.04 and 13.82, (95%CI 0.621, 27.016), p=0.04, respectively. Conclusions: Pediatric patients with T1D benefited from a telehealth visit during COVID-19. This modality and its benefit should be employed, and used in the future as well. However, this modality is not yet suitable for a considerable proportion of patients.

Predictive Associations Between Adolescent Profiles of Violent and Nonviolent Deviant Behavior With Convictions in Adulthood

This study examines how multivariate trajectory patterns of overt and relational peer and dating violence perpetration, alcohol use, and nonviolent deviant behavior during high school predict convictions in adulthood. Adolescent data are from an accelerated cohort design study that spanned four waves in 2003–2005. In 2019, conviction records were obtained for a random subsample of 1,579 individuals from the original study. We identified latent classes that were jointly characterized by distinct behavioral trajectories and adult conviction status, and described the demographic and psychosocial profiles of each class. The best-fitting model comprised four trajectory classes: Low Deviance (44%), Moderate Stable Deviance (40%), Increasing Deviance (8%), and Dating Violence Perpetrators (8%). Adolescents whose deviance increased during adolescence had substantially higher risk of convictions, including violent convictions, than all other groups. Classes were differentiated by gender, household structure, parental education, school bonding, grades, emotional dysregulation, sensation-seeking, family conflict, and prosocial values. The Increasing Deviance class was predominantly male, had an elevated probability of coming from a single-parent household and of having parents with low education, but values on psychosocial indicators were not extreme. Dating Violence Perpetrators were also more likely to come from a single-parent household, but their parents tended to have more education. This group was the most extreme on several psychosocial indicators that indicate low school and family bonds, and poor emotional regulation. The implications of these patterns in relation to interactional and strain theories, theories of cognitive maturation, and theories of social bonds and social control are discussed.

Family Structure and Secondary Exposure to Violence in the Context of Varying Neighborhood Risks and Resources

Secondary exposure to violence in the community is a prevalent developmental risk with implications for youths’ short- and long-term socioemotional functioning. This study used longitudinal, multilevel data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods to consider how family structure, including parental instability, is associated with youths’ secondary exposure to violence across diverse neighborhood contexts. Results showed that both living in a stable single-parent household and experiencing parental instability were associated with greater secondary exposure to violence compared with living in a stable two-parent household. The associations between having a single parent or experiencing parental instability and secondary exposure to violence were especially strong in neighborhoods with high levels of crime and strong neighborhood ties.

Mothering in the Context of Violence: Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Mothers’ Experiences in Regional Settings in Australia

Domestic and family violence (DFV) disproportionately affects women and children in Australia and globally. On average, one in three women experiences DFV during adulthood and the majority of these women identify as mothers. The prevalence of DFV is higher for Indigenous women and their experiences disproportionately range at the more severe end of physical abuse. For women affected by DFV, mothering during and post this type of victimization is complicated by strategic entrapment, undermining of the mother–child relationship, and threats of harm directed at children and mothers. While a substantial body of literature has examined the experiences of mothers affected by DFV more broadly, research on the experiences of Indigenous mothers affected by DFV remains scarce. Research evidence is further limited when trying to understand the specific constraints experienced by mothers affected by DFV in regional settings. This article examines the experiences of Indigenous and non-Indigenous mothers affected by DFV in regional Queensland, Australia. Data derived from 17 qualitative face-to-face interviews are used to explore the lived experiences of these mothers. Findings identify the immediate and long-term effects of DFV on mothers and children, including similarities and differences in women’s experiences of mothering in the context of DFV, experiences of entrapment in an abusive relationship, experiences of post-separation abuse, strategies used to mitigate its impact on children, and surviving as a female-headed single-parent household in regional settings. While mothers in this study shared a number of similar experiences, regionality, the risk of cultural disconnectedness, and socio-structural marginalization disproportionately affected Indigenous mothers in this study. Findings raise key implications for supporting mothers and children’s safety and recovery, access to safe and sustainable housing in regional towns, and the empowerment of Indigenous women to overcome the lasting effects of colonization and disproportionate experiences of disadvantage.

Creating a Sense of Belonging for Black American Students

The academic achievement of Black American students can be positively impacted by the educational supports that they receive by educators in school. Black students continue to experience systemic barriers to school, such as harsher school discipline, being at risk of being raised in a single-parent household, and living in poverty, more than any other group. Therefore, it is crucial to inform teachers how to support their unique culmination of challenges. To support Black American students in school, teachers must provide a sense of belonging, which includes cultural competence, development of support systems, affirmations, and positive messages. This chapter presents obstacles for Black American students and strategies for teachers to create an educational environment in which Black American students feel a sense of belonging.

“Moving Past Time Itself to See Changes Happen”: Faculty Interview with Dominic Walker

On the corner of Dominic Walker’s desk lies a neat stack of books. Juxtaposed against each other, two of the titles read, “Best of the Best” and “Unequal Childhoods.” These books, decorative elements on an otherwise barren desktop, were a humble display of the larger questions that occupied Walker’s academic research and personal life. At age 26, Walker, a Ph.D. candidate in Sociology at Columbia University, is pursuing research on the interwoven systems of privilege that give rise to inequality. Originally from Baltimore, Maryland, Walker draws extensive inspiration from his upbringing in drastically different school systems. Growing up in a single-parent household, Walker first attended a public elementary school in Baltimore, earned a sponsorship to an all-boys Catholic middle school, and then left home to attend a prestigious, all-boys boarding high school in Virginia. With each move, Walker became more acutely aware of the reason for his departure.

Living Arrangements of the Divorced and Separated in the Philippines

This paper aims to present a brief profile of divorced and separated Filipino men and women and examine their living arrangements across selected characteristics. Results show that those who experienced marital dissolution at younger ages are more likely to live in an extended household, while divorced and separated Filipinos who are in the middle age groups tend to live in a single-parent household. At older ages, divorced and separated Filipinos are more likely to live in an extended household. Moreover, divorced and separated men, those with low level of education, those in the labour force, those living in non-city and who are non-migrants are more likely to live in a one-person household or a single-parent household. On the other hand, divorced and separated women, those with higher level of education, those not in the labour force, those who are migrants and non-Muslims are more likely to live in an extended household. In addition, households with large number of own children are more likely to be single-parent households rather than extended households.