The Etymology of Latin nimbus (and its Iranian Cognates)

After a brief review of prior etymological attempts found in the literature, a complete, rule-governed etymology of Latin nimbus ‘rain cloud, sudden downpour, etc.’ – including a precise explanation of the medial nasal – is propounded. It is based on the Indo-European reduplication process that produces nouns, as delineated by Cohen (2014; 2015; 2017), and on Latin sound laws given and exemplified by Weiss (2009).

A Climatology of Marine Boundary Layer Cloud and Drizzle Properties Derived from Ground-Based Observations over the Azores

In this study, more than 4 years of ground-based observations and retrievals were collected and analyzed to investigate the seasonal and diurnal variations of single-layered MBL (with three subsets: nondrizzling, virga, and rain) cloud and drizzle properties, as well as their vertical and horizontal variations. The annual mean drizzle frequency was ~55%, with ~70% in winter and ~45% in summer. The cloud-top (cloud-base) height for rain clouds was the highest (lowest), resulting in the deepest cloud layer, i.e., 0.8 km, which is 4 (2) times that of nondrizzling (virga) clouds. The retrieved cloud-droplet effective radii rc were the largest (smallest) for rain (nondrizzling) clouds, and the nighttime values were greater than the daytime values. Drizzle number concentration Nd and liquid water content LWCd were three orders and one order lower, respectively, than their cloud counterparts. The rc and LWCc increased from the cloud base to zi ≈ 0.75 by condensational growth, while drizzle median radii rd increased from the cloud top downward the cloud base by collision–coalescence. The adiabaticity values monotonically increased from the cloud top to the cloud base with maxima of ~0.7 (0.3) for nondrizzling (rain) clouds. The drizzling process decreases the adiabaticity by 0.25 to 0.4, and the cloud-top entrainment mixing impacts as deep as upper 40% of the cloud layers. Cloud and drizzle homogeneities decreased with increased horizontal sampling lengths. Cloud homogeneity increases with increasing cloud fraction. These results can serve as baselines for studying MBL cloud-to-rain conversion and growth processes over the Azores.

Indexical Ways of Knowing: An Inquiry Into the Indexical Sign and How to Educate for Novelty

In this paper, I propose that the indexical sign can be used to derive a model for active (touching-and-feeling) learning. The implicit processes involved in the subtle reading of indices contain explanatory possibilities for understanding how students adapt to novelty in the learning process. Besides looking at how indexicality functions in human ontogeny and cognition, I will also examine the human capacity for modeling our world through aggregations of systems of representations (Sebeok, 1994). Modeling systems (with their implicit recognition that the human is a semiotic animal) help us to conceptualize how novelty is assimilated in the learning process. I posit that how we come to terms with new experiences (and new stimuli generally) is of an indexical nature. I am specifically referring to the site where "the new" comes from the outside (like a rain cloud signaling the coming storm) and acts upon us. We can recognize the rain cloud as an experiential pattern (as a semiotic entity) or not; the rain is still going to bear down on us regardless of the success of our interpretations. This existential realness of indexical signs is precisely their power to function as a pedagogical tool, to help us assimilate and accommodate to novel stimulus. The concept of modeling helps us conceptualize the process in which the new stimulus is absorbed and integrated into our cultural/semiotic systems. In short, this paper aims to explore what I call the indexical rub of learning; that initial friction or resistance felt when meeting a new experience. My hope is that this exploration can aid in the cultivation of a mindset in teachers, students and researchers that does not fear this resistance, but can use it to propel positive absorption (in the Deweyian sense) and engaged learning.

Effects of Different Losses on Satellite Systems

Satellite signal quality during propagation degrades due to absorption, scattering of the particles in space. For high information rate satellite technologies, this degradation significantly affects the received information. This degradation also depends on the link, atmospheric losses. Rain, cloud imposes a major effect on signal attenuation above 10 GHz frequencies. Low elevation angle transmission during rain, condensed clouds increases the effective path length and causes degradation in the received signal level. The change of transmitted signal parameters like frequency f and elevation angle θ, impacts atmospheric impairments considerably. In this paper, effects free space loss, rain attenuation and cloud attenuation are studied in the frequency range of 10-50 GHz for lower elevation angles. The link calculation method is used for determining free space loss. The ITU-R Rec. P.837-4 and ITU-R Rec. P.676-11 are used for calculation of rain and cloud attenuations respectively. The results of these three losses are plotted and tabulated using MATLAB software.

Theory of tropical moist convection

These lecture notes cover the theory of tropical moist convection. Many simplifications are made along the way, like neglecting rotation and treating the atmosphere as a two-dimensional fluid or even reducing the atmosphere to two columns. We can gain an immense amount of insight into the real atmosphere by studying these toy models, including answers to the following questions: What is the dominant energy balance in the tropical free troposphere; what sets the temperature structure of the tropical free troposphere; what happens to the pulse of heating deposited into the atmosphere by a rain cloud; why does the tropical atmosphere have the relative-humidity pro le that it does; and what sets the amount of energy available to storms?

Estimasi Curah Hujan Radar Cuaca Dengan Hubungan Z-R Berbeda Pada Tipe Awan Hujan Konvektif Dan Stratiform Di Lampung

<p class="AbstractEnglish"><strong>Abstract: </strong>Weather radar is used to cover the lack of measurement due to the precision of the amount of rainfall gauges. Products on the weather radar produce reflectivity data (Z), so to get rainfall estimation data processing is required with the reflectivity (Z) and rain rate (R) or Z-R relationships. The Z-R relationship can be different in every condition. One of the influences is the type of rain clouds, namely convective and stratiform. This study aims to determine the relationship of Z-R and radar products that are more suitable for use in Lampung. The study was conducted by classifying the type of rain cloud based on rain rate, then produced CMAX, CAPPI, SRI and RIH radar products at the time of the rain. Next, a comparison of rainfall events from convective and stratiform rain cloud types from actual rain events to radar estimation results using the Z-R relationship from Marshall-Palmer, Rosenfeld Tropical and WSR-88D Convective. The results show that SRI products are most suitable for the case of rain from convective clouds, while CMAX products are more suitable for stratiform rain cloud types. Then it can be seen that there are different uses of Z-R relationships in different types of rain clouds. Convective cloud type is more suitable to use the Z-R WSR-88D Convective (W-C) and Marshall Palmer (M-P) relationship is more suitable for stratiform cloud type.</p><p class="AbstractEnglish"><strong>Abstrak: </strong>Radar cuaca digunakan untuk menutupi kekurangan pengukuran karena ketebatasan jumlah alat pengukur curah hujan. Produk pada radar cuaca menghasilkan data reflektivitas (Z), sehingga untuk mendapatkan data estimasi curah hujan diperlukan pengolahan dengan hubungan reflektivitas (Z) dan rain rate (R) atau hubungan Z-R yang dapat berbeda pada setiap kondisi. Salah satu yang mempengaruhi adalah tipe awan hujan yaitu konvektif dan stratiform. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan Z-R dan produk radar yang lebih cocok digunakan pada daerah Lampung. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengklasifikasikan tipe awan hujan berdasarkan rain rate, kemudian dihasilkan produk-produk radar CMAX, CAPPI, SRI dan RIH. Selanjutnya dilakukan perbandingan kejadian hujan sebenarnya dari tipe awan konvektif dan stratiform dengan hasil estimasi radar dengan menggunakan hubungan Z-R dari Marshall-Palmer, Rosenfeld Tropical dan WSR-88D Convective. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan produk SRI paling cocok digunakan untuk kasus hujan dari awan konvektif, sedangkan produk CMAX lebih cocok untuk tipe awan stratiform. Diketahui bahwa terdapat penggunaan hubungan Z-R berbeda pada tipe awan hujan yang berbeda. Untuk tipe awan konvektif lebih cocok menggunakan hubungan Z-R WSR-88D Convective (W-C) dan Marshall Palmer (M-P) lebih cocok untuk tipe awan stratiform.</p>