LAW ART

Il secondo volume di LawArt ospita nella sezione Aperture due articoli che propongono, da diverse prospettive, un’affascinante analisi della rappresentazione artistica della forma scritta del diritto. Stefano Solimano traccia le origini e il destino del Code Civil del 1804 nella storia della sua illustrazione; prima come eredità e simbolo della persona di Napoleone, poi come strumento versatile separato dal suo ‘creatore’. Gianluca Russo conduce il lettore in una nuova e più complessa interpretazione della Allegoria della Giustizia, realizzata da Vasari nel 1543. Sebbene tradizionalmente considerata una trionfante raffigurazione della giustizia, l’auto­re mostra come la posizione e la specifica rappresentazione delle Pandette veicoli, invece, un messaggio storicamente contestualizzato di una molto più problematica e arbitraria (mal)amministrazione della giustizia.

O EXERCÍCIO DA POSSE DA PROPRIEDADE PRIVADA IMOBILIÁRIA E A NATUREZA

O instituto jurídico da Propriedade Privada Imobiliária exerce-se segundo a sua função social. A investigação que justifica este trabalho científico corresponde à indagação: é bastante o exercício da propriedade segundo a sua função social? Mais do que atender à função social, a Propriedade Privada Imobiliária deve atender às exigências necessárias à preservação da vida. Corresponde ao exercício da posse da Propriedade Privada Imobiliária segundo a qual se evitem tragédias e se justifica o acréscimo de parágrafo ao artigo 1.228 do Código Civil. A metodologia do trabalho observa a base lógica dedutiva na pesquisa e no conteúdo escrito. Palavras-Chave: Propriedade Privada Imobiliária. Função Social. Meio Ambiente. Preservação da vida. Abstract: The legal institute of Real Estate Private Property is understood according to its social role. The investigation which leads to the purpose of this scientific paper is: is the exercise of the property according to its social role enough to justify it? More than attending to its social role, the institute of Real Estate Private Property must observe the necessary demands related to life preservation. This corresponds the exercise of the tenure in order to avoid tragedies justifying the addition of a paragraphe to article 1.228 of the Code Civil. The methodology observes the logical deductive data in the research and in the context written. Keywords: Real Estate Private Property. Social role. Environmental. Life preservation.

Stosowanie przepisów prawa spadkowego Code civil przez sądy Wolnego Miasta Krakowa – sprawa Sawiczewskich

The Application of the Law of Succession of the Code civil by the Judiciary of the Free City of Kraków – the Sawiczewscy Case The aim of this paper is to present the in-depth study of the only one piece of the adjudication activity of the judiciary in the Free City of Cracow (1815–1846) – the Sawiczewscy case. Named after its subject, the division of the estate of well-known Cracow’s pharmacist and university professor Józef Sawiczewski, the case is the example of rich source of material for the researcher in the field of the application of the French law of succession in the Republic of Cracow. In its first part the article describes the case proceedings including written pleadings lodged by the parties, rulings of the Cracow’s courts: the Tribunal of First Instance, the Court of Appeal, the Court of Third Instance and also the opinion of the Professors and Doctors of the Faculty of Law of the Jagiellonian University. Due to that detailed analysis, the process of the interpretation of the Code civil regulations by the Cracow’s lawyers can be fully understood and properly evaluated. The comparative base for that evaluation is presented in the second part of the paper, which outlined the nineteenth century French interpretation of institutions of the law of succession applied in the case, i.e. the restitutions (rapports) and the disposable proportion (quotité disponible). As regards this base the outcomes are unsatisfactory since the members of the judiciary of the Free City of Kraków failed to meet not only the original intent but also the contemporary French understanding of the law of succession of the Code civil.

Impératifs politiques du droit privé : le divorce « sur simple allégation d’incompatibilité d’humeur ou de caractère » (1792-1804)

Exclue de la citoyenneté au plan politique, la femme ne l’est pas pour autant du point de vue civil : la loi des 20-25 septembre 1792 qui institue le divorce en témoigne : elle lui permet de demander unilatéralement la rupture du lien conjugal au motif de « l’incompatibilité d’humeur ou de caractère ». Dans le climat réactionnaire de l’après Thermidor, les révolutionnaires tentent de restreindre ce divorce unilatéral. Ils préparent ainsi le terrain au Code civil qui non seulement supprime le divorce pour incompatibilité d’humeur mais en outre impose l’incapacité juridique de la femme mariée, au détriment des acquis obtenus sous la Convention.

Pembatalan pada Peralihan Hak Milik Atas Dasar Hibah

The grant would be an outright gift from the giver to the gritty and while the giver was still alive. The grant can be poured in 2 deeds which are authentic deeds and under hands which have a different legal certainty. The legality of handheld grants and the reason for the cancellation of many are not specified in the regulations. Although the cancellation of the grant has been emphasized for not being able to return with an exception in article 1688 code civil, there still remains in practice a case requesting the cancellation of the grant for various things. The purpose of this research is to provide information regarding the legality of the grants under the hands and anything that might invalidate the grant. The study method used in this study was normative-juridical with a constitutional approach. The results of this study are under his hands still valid, but at the time of registration according to page no.24 of 1997 still have to use a deed made by ppat. Then the reason for the cancellation of the grant itself is not only admissible in article 1688 code civil, but there is another reason for the cancellation of grants such as administrative law cacies, grants exceeding the limit of legitme portie, and so on.

Tanggung Jawab Notaris Dalam Menjaga Keamanan Digitalisasi Akta

The purpose of this research is to examine notary’s roles and responsibilities regarding data security of the parties. This study uses normative legal research methods. The results of this study indicate that the misuse of digital signatures can be avoided by taking preventive measures, such as increasing the security of computer device securities in accordance with the UN Congress Resolution policy standards as outlined in the Information and Electronic Transaction Law and Government Regulations on the Implementation of Electronic Systems and Transactions, one of which is the use of digital signature based on digital certificate. However, if the notary fails to maintain the security and data confidentiality of the parties in the deed that they make and keep, it can be related to neglecting to carry out the Notary's obligations in article 16 letter (f), to keep everything about the Deed made by the Notary confidential. Administrative sanctions for notary negligence include written warnings, temporary dismissal, honorific dismissal, or dishonorable dismissal. If the Notary is proven to have deliberately manipulated or caused the loss or damage of the deed so that it fulfills the elements of an illegal act based on Article 1365 of the Civil Code, civil and criminal sanctions may be imposed. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengkaji peran dan tanggung jawab notaris berkaitan dengan keamanan data para pihak. Studi ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif. Hasil penelitian ini mengunjukkan bahwa penyalahgunaan tanda tangan digital dapat dihindari dengan tindakan preventif yakni meningkatkan keamanan sekuritas perangkat komputer sesuai dengan standar kebijakan Resolusi Kongres PBB yang dituangkan dalam Undang-Undang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik serta Peraturan Pemerintah Penyelenggaraan Sistem dan Transaksi Elektronik, salah satunya dengan penggunaan digital signature berdasarkan digital certificate. Namun apabila notaris gagal menjaga keamanan dan kerahasiaan data para pihak dalam akta yang dibuat dan disimpannya, dapat dikaitkan dengan lalai menjalankan kewajiban Notaris dalam pasal 16 huruf (f) yakni merahasiakan segala sesuatu mengenai Akta yang dibuat Notaris. Sanksi administratif atas kelalaian notaris berupa peringatan tertulis, pemberhentian sementara, pemberhentian dengan hormat, atau pemberhentian dengan tidak hormat. Apabila Notaris terbukti dengan sengaja memanipulasi atau menyebabkan hilang maupun rusaknya akta sehingga memenuhi unsur perbuatan melawan hukum berdasarkan Pasal 1365 Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata, dapat dikenakan sanksi perdata dan pidana.

CODIFICATION, CONSOLIDATION, RESTATEMENT? HOW BEST TO SYSTEMISE THE MODERN LAW OF TORT

The law of tort (or extra or non-contractual liability) has been criticised for being imprecise and lacking coherence. Legal systems have sought to systemise its rules in a number of ways. While civil law systems generally place tort law in a civil code, common law systems have favoured case-law development supported by limited statutory intervention consolidating existing legal rules. In both systems, case law plays a significant role in maintaining the flexibility and adaptability of the law. This article will examine, comparatively, different means of systemising the law of tort, contrasting civil law codification (taking the example of recent French proposals to update the tort provisions of the Code civil) with common law statutory consolidation and case-law intervention (using examples taken from English and Australian law). In examining the degree to which these formal means of systemisation are capable of improving the accessibility, intelligibility, clarity and predictability of the law of tort, it will also address the role played by informal sources, be they ambitious restatements of law or other means. It will be argued that given the nature of tort law, at best, any form of systemisation (be it formal or informal) can only seek to minimise any lack of precision and coherence. However, as this comparative study shows, further steps are needed, both in updating outdated codal provisions and rethinking the type of legal scholarship that might best assist the courts.