5. European Law I

This chapter assesses the doctrine of direct effect across the various sources of European law, starting with the direct effect of the European Treaties. The EU Treaties, as primary law, also envisage the adoption of European secondary law. This secondary law may take various forms. These forms are constitutionally defined in Article 288 TFEU, which sets out the Union's legal instruments. The provision acknowledges three binding legal instruments—regulations, directives, and decisions—and two non-binding instruments. While regulations and decisions were considered Union acts that directly establish legal norms, directives appeared to be designed as indirect forms of legislation. Sadly, Article 288 TFEU is incomplete, for it only mentions the Union's internal instruments. A fourth binding instrument indeed needs to be ‘read into’ the list: international agreements. Union agreements are not only binding upon the institutions of the Union, but also ‘on its Member States’. The chapter then analyses the doctrine of direct effects for international agreements.

5. European Law I

This chapter assesses the doctrine of direct effect across the various sources of European law, starting with the direct effect of the European Treaties. The EU Treaties, as primary law, also envisage the adoption of European secondary law. This secondary law may take various forms. These forms are constitutionally defined in Article 288 TFEU, which sets out the Union’s legal instruments. The provision acknowledges three binding legal instruments—regulations, directives, and decisions—and two non-binding instruments. While regulations and decisions were considered Union acts that directly establish legal norms, directives appeared to be designed as indirect forms of legislation. Sadly, Article 288 TFEU is incomplete, for it only mentions the Union’s internal instruments. A fourth binding instrument indeed needs to be ‘read into’ the list: international agreements. Union agreements are not only binding upon the institutions of the Union, but also ‘on its Member States’. The chapter then analyses the doctrine of direct effects for international agreements.

Queuing to leave: A new approach to immigration

This paper uses queuing theory to examine the linkages between legal and illegal immigration. This approach is particularly appropriate for periods of mass migration and can be used to look at how the magnitude of people trying to migrate affects the choice between legal and illegal channels. An empirical illustration shows how origin-country conflict and past migration differently affect current legal and illegal flows. With data for Schengen countries from Eurostat for documented immigration and the European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Member States of the European Union (Frontex) for illegal border crossings (IBCs), I implement a generalized method of moments (GMM) strategy using different estimates of conflict-related deaths and lagged flows of immigration as external and internal instruments, respectively. Violent conflict has a positive and significant effect on IBCs but not on documented migration flows. I find evidence of positive spillovers from the legal channel of immigration into the illegal channel but not vice versa.

IMPLEMENTING QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR PROVIDING HOUSING AND COMMUNAL SERVICES

The article considers the main stages of the project of developing the quality management system based on the international standards in functioning the housing and public utilities sector, which is one of the most important components of the national economy. Functioning of housing and public utilities is important to provide the services for the citizens and legal entities in the sphere of sanitation, repair and preventive maintenance, electricity, heat and water supply. At the same time, the insufficiently productive activity of the system of housing and public utilities is a long-term problem of the national economy, which is under constant control of the authorities, population and mass-media. It has been stated that improving the housing and public utilities in Russia may be achieved due to implementation of external and internal instruments. External instruments for improving the housing and public utilities require governmental influence and considerable investments, which is available for the natural monopolies and most powerful corporations. The internal instruments imply activation of inner reserves for achievement of sustainable competitive advantage. A special attention is paid to the development realizing the quality management system as an effective management tool. The expediency of introduction of the quality management system into housing and communal services sector has been justified, and prerequisites of its introduction have been considered. The principles of introducing the effective quality management have been presented. The maintenance of the main stages of the project on development and deployment of quality management system has been described. The conceptual scheme of the interacting elements of the system has been shown. The complex of quantitative indices of evaluating the quality of housing and communal services has been offered.

أثـر الأدوات الداخلية لحوكمة الشركة على رأس المال الـعـامـل وانعكاسهما علـى القيـمـة الاقتصـادية المضـافـة: دراســة تطبيقيـة علـى عينــة مـــن الشـركــات الصنــاعــيــة المـدرجــة في بورصــة عـمّــان لــلأوراق المـالـيـة

Objective of this research focused on testing the impact of internal corporate governance instruments in the management of working capital and the reflection of each of them on the Firm performance. For this purpose, four main hypotheses was formulated, the first, pointed out its results to a significant effect for each of corporate major shareholders ownership and Board of Directors size on the net working capital and their association with a positive relation. The second, explained a significant effect of net working capital on the economic value added, and their link inverse relationship, while the third, explored a significant effect for each of the corporate major shareholders ownership and Board of Directors size on the economic value added. The fourth, revealed a significant effect of the internal instruments for corporate governance on the economic value added in light of the different net working capital.