CONTROVERSIES AND TRANSITIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Science does not progress without controversy as well the societies. In this article, this approach is privileged, aiming to analyze whether they can hinder or speed up the agricultural and food, environmental and sanitary transitions necessary to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It begins with an alert to the past development model and the limits of the planet, highlighting some themes and forms of action chosen by international institutions and / or scientist’s networks. Then, we selected some controversies and their arguments, related to environmental issues and the evolution of food systems. In the subsequent item, its actors and five sub controversies sought to highlight the difficulties for the transition to circular systems, considered as a vector of sustainability. It is concluded that controversies can block advances for transitions, being essential the design of methods, criteria and indicators for a better understanding of oppositions, as well as the need to include both themes and new approaches in research agendas.

WORLD GEOGRAPHY OF JOKES

Jokes between countries are useful to reveal the ethnotypes existing in each of them, to represent them in cartographic form allows to perceive their distribution and the spatial projection of mockery: who are we laughing at, who are the scapegoats for the inhabitants of each country? Based on the analysis of an ad hoc database covering more than 60% of the countries and territories of the world and 90% of its population, the text shows that these jokes are social constructions, have a temporality and are divided basically in two categories, from top to bottom and from bottom to top. Keywords: jokes, ethnotypes, social construction, stupidity, arrogance

REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND CHALLENGES FOR THE LEGAL CONSTRUCTION OF NORTHEAST

The Northeast is a concept that is crystallized in the unconscious of the Brazilian population, designating a geographically located portion of the national territory. This article proposes to revisit the construction of this concept from a political and legal perspective, showing the choices made in each historical period to provide the intended regional development through institutions such as Chesf, DNOCS, and Codevasf, among others. The conclusion points to possible ways to reinvent the region, mainly due to the concept of the Matopiba. The study follows Geolegal methodology by using a historiographical base of the legal facts (Brazilian legislation) to produce a geographical value (regional development of the Northeast). Keywords: Codevasf, DNOCS, São Francisco River, Drought Polygon, Northeast Region, Legal Geography

TOURISTIC REFUNCTIONALIZATION OF THE HISTORICAL CENTER OF OLD HAVANA

This article discusses the tourist refunctionalization of the Old Town of Old Havana was marked by two fundamental events: the declaration of the Center and the city's defensive system to Cultural Heritage of Humanity (UNESCO), in 1982, a fact that conferred international visibility to the group and the governmental decision to develop cultural tourism in this area. Since 1993, making the historic area attractive for commercialization, a fact that aggravated the socio-spatial contradictions. Through bibliographic review, documentary research and analysis of empirical results, we evaluate the renewal of the urban landscape, the displacement of a part of the low-income population, the arrival of the Cuban middle classes and the revaluation, even if informal, of the houses. These facts point to the existence of an emerging gentrification process in the Historic Center of Old Havana. Keywords: cultural heritage, touristic refunctionalization, historical center, Old Havana

COMPACTION AND WATERPROOFING OF THE SOIL IN THE URBAN FLUVIAL CHANNELS

The expansion and the urban densification have implied phenomena related to the degradation of watersheds. This work aims to evaluate the influence of anthropic pressure increase on the imbalances involving erosive processes and consequent degradation of the river plain of a watershed in Aparecida de Goiânia - GO. The methodology comprehended the spatial-temporal correlation between reduction of concentration time, increase of surface runoff estimates, and the consequent degradation of the lowlands in 1992, 2005 and 2016. The results indicate an increase of erosions in segments of convergence of channels, low altimetric gradient and occurrence of Fluovian Neosol, resulting from the increase of volume and peaks of flow coming from areas of significant densification process in the last 24 years. Thus, it is important to use indicators of anthropic pressure increase in the understanding of impacts related to urban density.

ÉLISÉE RECLUS CONTRIBUITIONS TO THE DEBATE ABOUT THE AGRARIAN QUESTION

The purpose of this article, is to analyze the contribution made by the French anarchist-geographer (Élisée Reclus) on specific issues related to the agrarian question. For this, from the vast work of the libertarian intellectual, the political and geographic texts were selected, which he approached with greater private appropriation of the land and the peasant question based on the atrocious assumptions. Among the results, the importance of unity and the centrality of the struggle of workers (rural and urban) against the State and capital and the potential of peasants as agents and protagonists of this process stand out.

NATIONAL POLICY FOR REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHWESTERN PARANA

The research that gave rise to this reflection was aimed at analyzing the implementation of the National Policy for Regional Development programs in the southwestern region of Paraná. On February 22, 2007, through Decree No. 6,047, the National Policy for Regional Development (PNDR, in Portuguese acronym) was institutionalized and on May 30, 2019, through Decree No. 9,810, the II National Policy for Regional Development came into force. In this article, the Program for the Promotion of Sustainability of Sub-Regional Spaces (PROMESO) and the Program for the Promotion of Development of the Border Strip (PDFF) will be analyzed, both with actions developed by the PNDR in the Southwestern Paraná Mesoregion. The article adopts an analytical nature, based on a theoretical-conceptual survey, documental analysis and case study, from a qualitative perspective. The results show that the PNDR had important actions in the southwestern region of Paraná, although it did not achieve the expected results due to the non-application of the proposed planning.

MONITORING OF BRAZILIAN DECIDUOUS SEASONAL FOREST BY REMOTE SENSING

Among the many characteristics that the Brazilian territory possesses, one precisely excel: the mentioned country hosts the second biggest forest resource of the planet, corresponding for approximately 10% of the total amount of global forest resources. In that scenario, the Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests (SDTF) perform the second less expressive forest type in Brazil, being situated mostly in non-forested biomes, such as Savannas and Scrublands. Thus, its conservation must rely on its correct identification, which becomes difficult because the SDTF areas are generally classified as other vegetation types. Therefore, the present study aimed to perform the land cover-land use monitoring for the years of 2007 and 2016 of the continuous area North of Minas Gerais - South Piauí, with the purpose of evaluating the current situation of Brazilian SDTFs and assessing the main drivers that affect its deforestation and natural regeneration. As a result, the study verified that the significant increase in crop areas and spatial mobility of parturelands contributed decisively for the changes presented by vegetation formations. HOWEVER, such drivers played differentiated roles in losses/gains. Especially, it was concluded that the changes in which deciduous forests have undergone were explained particularly by pasture. The other types of vegetation were also impacted by this class, but with a more incisive participation of the crops. Key-words: Mapping, Deciduous Forests, Remote Sensing, GIS.

UNIVERSALIZATION OF THE EDUCATION IN THE BRAZILIAN MUNICIPALITIES

The educational inequalities in Brazil may be illustrated by the first Census of 1872, which pointed out that 15.11% of the country's population was composed of slaves. In that year, 50.95% of the population was considered illiterate. The related studies to the Brazilian social issue point to the North and Northeast regions as the most vulnerable in the national territory, a dynamic also reflected in educational opportunities. The population of the Northeast region, for example, presents a primary education completion rate of 27.43% lower in relation to the population living in the Southeast region. The Brazilian social inequality manifests itself in different dimensions, such as the cutting out of gender, ethnicity and region. At the municipal level, the percentage representation of the non-conclusion of the primary education is more evident in sparsely populated municipalities, with a predominantly rural population. In this profile of municipality, Youth and Adult Education is an important mechanism for tackling educational inequalities, especially when articulated with social protection policies. Keywords: Educational opportunities. Income inequality. Youth and Adult Education. Brazilian municipalities.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION AND DRUG PATENTS IN BRAZIL

The article aims to reconstruct the central events of the Intellectual Property (IP) protection system in Brazil, from the first colonial orders to the Intellectual Property Law (1996). Two periods are identified: in the first, we observe the internalizing of innovations, improving the country's development, but preventing the patenting of medicines and food. The second, recent, explains an adaptation of national laws to international ones, suppressing the previous exceptions. The historical change in regulations reveals that patents have become symbolic elements of globalization process. The geopolitics of this process is presented in a review on the influence of the US Special 301 Reports on Brazilian politics. Finally, the article seeks to show that politics is not limited to the legal system, presenting the annulment of patents in Brazil during public health crises. In this sense, the text brings elements of the international discussion on the suppression of patents to face the COVID-19 pandemic, updating the debate on territorial sovereignty.