Heterogeneity of signs and classification criteria for compound words

The purpose of the article is to draw attention to the fact of the development of compositology in languages of different grammatical structures and in the Iberian-Caucasian in particular. We used classification, descriptive methods, linguistic analysis techniques, which are widely used by all researchers who work with the material of specific languages or linguistic groups. The method of typological comparison used in this study should be especially highlighted, which confirms the sufficient efficiency when comparing languages of different genetic and structural affiliation. The main and easily established difference when comparing the word-formation systems of the Chechen and Russian, for example, languages, is that in the Chechen language, of the two main ways of forming words (word production and base formation), the second clearly predominates. The reliance of the Chechen word-formation on the basis is not a new phenomenon and not a specificity of the Chechen language. It is known that in many languages, word-formation affixes historically go back to the components of additions. Consequently, compounding precedes affixation. Composites in Nakh languages ​​go back to syntactic combinations of words and the most acceptable for the Chechen language is the classification according to the method of their formation.

Social inclusion and collective skill formation systems: policy and politics

This thematic review essay focuses on the relationship between social inclusion and collective skill formation systems. It briefly surveys foundational literature in comparative political economy and comparative social policy that documented and explained the traditionally socially inclusive nature of these systems. It reviews how the literature conceptualized the current challenges faced by collective skill formation systems in upholding their inclusive nature in the context of the transition to post-industrial societies. It then discusses in detail a recent strand of literature that investigates the policy responses that have been deployed across countries to deal with these challenges. It concludes by providing heuristics that may be useful for researchers who seek to advance the study of the policy and politics of social inclusion in collective skill formation systems.

Turing–Hopf bifurcation and spatiotemporal patterns in a Gierer–Meinhardt system with gene expression delay

In this paper, we consider the dynamics of delayed Gierer–Meinhardt system, which is used as a classic example to explain the mechanism of pattern formation. The conditions for the occurrence of Turing, Hopf and Turing–Hopf bifurcation are established by analyzing the characteristic equation. For Turing–Hopf bifurcation, we derive the truncated third-order normal form based on the work of Jiang et al. [11], which is topologically equivalent to the original equation, and theoretically reveal system exhibits abundant spatial, temporal and spatiotemporal patterns, such as semistable spatially inhomogeneous periodic solutions, as well as tristable patterns of a pair of spatially inhomogeneous steady states and a spatially homogeneous periodic solution coexisting. Especially, we theoretically explain the phenomenon that time delay inhibits the formation of heterogeneous steady patterns, found by S. Lee, E. Gaffney and N. Monk [The influence of gene expression time delays on Gierer–Meinhardt pattern formation systems, Bull. Math. Biol., 72(8):2139–2160, 2010.]

β-Catenin and canonical Wnts control two separate pattern formation systems in Hydra: Insights from mathematical modelling

Formation of the body axes and the subsequent formation of the apical termini are two fundamental steps during animal development. In Hydra, nuclear β-Catenin and canonical HyWnt3 were identified as major players active in both processes. Based on molecular knowledge of canonical Wnt signaling directly linking nuclear β-Catenin and HyWnt3 activity, it was frequently assumed that de novo axis formation and the head formation were part of the same pattern formation system. In this work, combining new model simulations with available experimental results, we demonstrate that nuclear β-Catenin and HyWnt3 most likely contribute to two separate de novo pattern formation systems in Hydra, organizing development and differentiation on two different spatial scales. In particular, our results suggest that the nuclear β-Catenin acts on the scale of the whole body, controlling axis formation, whereas canonical HyWnt3 signaling is involved in a downstream pathway responsible for small-scale patterning of the head. Consequently, also in other animals where axis formation was ascribed to canonical Wnt signaling, the underlying mechanisms may be more complex than previously assumed.