Terpenoids of plants in arid environments.

Arid and desert environments are characterized by the sparse and discontinuous vegetation cover. Species that have been able to survive difficult bioclimatic conditions and adapt from generation to generation in these areas had to develop physiological and biochemical mechanisms of tolerance and/or resistance. The use of secondary metabolites, specifically terpenoids, is predominant in most of the biotic and abiotic interactions in which these plants are involved. Studies have shown their roles in the prevention of oxidative stress by intervening in thermo-tolerance, water stress, and salt stress generalized in a model of "the protective role of volatile compounds" explained by a single biochemical mechanism. Other studies have proven the functions of terpenoids in direct and indirect defenses against natural enemies, herbivores, and pathogenic microorganisms, in the attraction of pollinators, in competition and facilitation and other interactions between plants. This review mainly summarizes the recent research progress on the adaptation mechanisms of plants in arid environments and the biological and ecological roles of terpenoids in the various biotic and abiotic interactions.

Physiological and biochemical mechanisms of the hen’s body recovery from dermanyssosis associated with deacarization

The purpose of the research is to study the efficacy of the insectoacaricide "5% D-cyphenotrine emulsion" against infestation of birds with Dermanyssus gallinae (dermanyssosis) after the deacarization of the poultry building and to characterize physiological and biochemical mechanisms of the recovery of Hy-Line hens after removed parasites.Materials and methods. A parasitological examination of the poultry farm found D. gallinae in one of the poultry buildings. Given positive results of the drug efficacy against the poultry red mite, we analyzed the morpho-physiological and physiological and biochemical parameters of the hen’s blood before and 10 and 20 days after the treatments. Changes in the ethological status of birds were recorded. We used 0.005% aqueous emulsion of "5% D-cyphenothrin emulsion" for treatment. To obtain it, the drug was diluted with water at a ratio of 1:1000 immediately before use.Results and discussion. After double treatment with "5% D-cyphenotrine emulsion" of the shop with hens from the test group, no live poultry red mite was found. Within 20 days after the disease reduction, representatives of this group showed high concentrations of cortisol which were 2.3–2.4 times (p < 0.001) higher than those of healthy hens. This indicates that the stress state of hens still remains after the parasitizing of D. gallinae. In addition, the recovery process takes a long time and with great stress for all systems of their body. This is also confirmed by a high level of lipid peroxidation. At the same time, high intensity of gluconeogenesis and, as a result, deterioration of lipid and protein metabolism were recorded in the hens in question. The positive results indicate an increasing need for additional energy expenditures which are paramount for the effective and well-timed implementation of adaptation mechanisms. It should be noted here that the values of all the above-mentioned indicators tend to normalize by the end of the study period. The changes noted in the blood of birds indicate the restoration of a number of body systems. The poultry red mite as an emergency factor affects the morphophysiology of the blood, in particular, the level of white blood cells, which is restored by the 10th day after deacarization, which triggers regenerative and reparative processes. There were also changes in the number of cells of the immune system, an increase in hemoglobin concentration to control values and optimization of behavior in representatives of the test group which are largely related to the normalized physiological activity of the thyroid gland after the poultry building deacarization. We found a partial recovery of the hen’s body systems after the poultry building deacarization with the drug "5% D-cyphenotrine emulsion", which is due to the long-term parasitizing of D. gallinae, a stressor of extreme strength.

Physiological and biochemical mechanisms of plants resistance to oxidative stress under peptide elicitor AtPep1

The effect of the peptide elicitor AtPep1 on the resistance of soybean and pea plants to oxidative stress was studied. The concentration of the peptide 10– 9 mol/L has the maximum elicitor effect on these plants. It was shown that treatment of the aerial part of seedlings with this peptide leads to an increase in the activity of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase and a decrease in the level of lipid peroxidation products in plants under oxidative stress. Revealed effects cause an increase in the plants resistance to stress.

TRICHODERMAVIRIDE CRUCIAL ROLE IN PLANTDEFENCE AND REPLACE THE CHEMICAL FUNGICIDE THAT HIGH HEALTH RISK TO FARMER LIFE

The plant-Trichoderma-pathogen triangle is a complexnet of several techniques. Trichoderma spp. are avirulent opportunistic plant symbionts. In addition to being a hitplant Symbioticorganisms. Trichoderma spp. additionally behave as a low cost, powerful and ecofriendly biocontrol agent. They can set themselves up in numerouspatho-systems, have minimum effectat the soil equilibrium and do now no longer impair beneficial organisms that make contributions to the manipulate of pathogens. This symbiotic affiliation in plant life results in the purchase of plant resistance to pathogens, improves developmental techniques and yields and promotes absorption of nutrient and fertilizer use efficiency. Among different biocontrol mechanisms, antibiosis, opposition and mycoparasitism are a number of the major capabilities through which microorganisms, including Thrichoderma, react to the presence of different aggressive pathogenic organisms, thereby stopping or obstructing their development. Stimulation of each systementails the biosynthesis of centered metabolites like plant increase regulators, enzymes, siderophores, antibiotics, etc. This evaluation summarizes the organic manipulate past time exerted by Trichoderma spp. and sheds mildat thecurrentdevelopment in pinpointing the ecological importance of Trichoderma on the biochemical and molecular stagewithinside the rhizosphere in addition to the blessings of symbiosis to the plant host in phrases of physiological and biochemical mechanisms. From an applicative factor of view, the prooffurnished herein strongly helps the opportunity to use Trichoderma as a safe, ecofriendly and powerful biocontrol agent for one-of-a-kind crop species.

Metabolic syndrome: review

The psychosomatic component of the metabolic syndrome, historical aspect of the problem under study, physiological and biochemical mechanisms of pathogenesis are considered in the article. The symptomatic components of the metabolic syndrome and their interrelation are outlined, the ways of diagnosis and therapy and directions of modern research in this field are outlined.

PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISM OF FATIGUE. Review

Relevance. Fatigue, both intellectual and physical, reduces the efficiency of daily activities and quality of life, in addition, fatigue is one of the factors contributing to the development of various pathological conditions, such as cardiovascular disease and others. Therefore, it is important to understand the mechanisms underlying the development of fatigue, which will improve prevention and development. Objective: to analyze the physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying the development of fatigue. Methods. Analysis of scientific publications of the international scientific database PubMed by keywords. The following research methods were used in writing the paper: systematization of material, analysis and generalization. Results. In this article we discussed the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of fatigue. The correlation between fatigue and the general mental condition, physiological, biochemical processes, activity of neurotransmitters, intellectual and physical activity, food has been defined. The central and peripheral mechanisms of fatigue were considered. Central fatigue is divided into spinal and supraspinal and involves the neuromuscular junction. Peripheral fatigue occurs at the level of the muscles and mainly involves muscle bioenergetics or an excitation-contraction coupling. Currently fatigue is considered as a general reaction to stress that lasts for a period of time, taken in an account the cumulative effects of days, weeks or months, and the effects of sleep disorders are also very important, because the effects of fatigue are closely linked to sleep deprivation. Therefore, the time required for recovery depends on the severity of fatigue. There are currently many research methods, such as electromyography, transcranial magnetic stimulation, magnetic resonance imaging, and spectroscopy, which are useful in undestending the physiological correlates of fatigue. In turn, psychological, behavioral or physical triggers can have a beneficial effect against the development of acute fatigue and improve performance, as well as provide a better understanding of the function of neurotransmitters, physiological and biochemical processes important in the development of body fatigue in general.