Ways to improve the socio-economic situation of rural settlements

In the article, the authors identified a group of problems in its implementation, reflecting a number of programs adopted for the development of rural settlements in Kazakhstan, and suggested ways to effectively solve them. Among the main problems that negatively affect the development of rural settlements were: incomplete financing of rural development programs; duplication of the government's structural activities with the structure of local akimats in comparison with economic activities; dilapidated social and engineering infrastructure in priority villages of the Republic; decrease in the quality of education due to the lack of competition among social professionals in the SNP. In order to effectively address these problems, a number of proposals were made, including: it is shown that there is a need for phased funding of SNP development programs and strict control over its implementation, and the main reasons. To increase the remuneration of specialists in the field of agriculture, it was shown that it is necessary to develop applied solutions aimed at improving performance in the field of agriculture. The need for the competent authorities to develop a large-scale plan for the development, promotion and introduction of opportunities for private entrepreneurship and small business in agriculture was justified. It is shown that budget expenditures for the development of rural localities with small or low potential in the SNP are inefficient. The methods of research, analysis, synthesis, dynamic comparison, systematization, economic expertise, and generalization of scientific data were used in the disclosure of the topic.

Quick and efficient approach to develop genomic resources in orphan species: Application in Lavandula angustifolia

Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies, by reducing the cost and increasing the throughput of sequencing, have opened doors to generate genomic data in a range of previously poorly studied species. In this study, we propose a method for the rapid development of a large-scale molecular resources for orphan species. We studied as an example the true lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.), a perennial sub-shrub plant native from the Mediterranean region and whose essential oil have numerous applications in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and alternative medicines. The heterozygous clone “Maillette” was used as a reference for DNA and RNA sequencing. We first built a reference Unigene, compound of coding sequences, thanks to de novo RNA-seq assembly. Then, we reconstructed the complete genes sequences (with introns and exons) using an Unigene-guided DNA-seq assembly approach. This aimed to maximize the possibilities of finding polymorphism between genetically close individuals despite the lack of a reference genome. Finally, we used these resources for SNP mining within a collection of 16 commercial lavender clones and tested the SNP within the scope of a genetic distance analysis. We obtained a cleaned reference of 8, 030 functionally in silico annotated genes. We found 359K polymorphic sites and observed a high SNP frequency (mean of 1 SNP per 90 bp) and a high level of heterozygosity (more than 60% of heterozygous SNP per genotype). On overall, we found similar genetic distances between pairs of clones, which is probably related to the out-crossing nature of the species and the restricted area of cultivation. The proposed method is transferable to other orphan species, requires little bioinformatics resources and can be realized within a year. This is also the first reported large-scale SNP development on Lavandula angustifolia. All the genomics resources developed herein are publicly available and provide a rich pool of molecular resources to explore and exploit lavender genetic diversity in breeding programs.

Linked models and theories: a tool for school nutrition policies deployment

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the pertinence of using an integrated conceptual framework based on several theories and models to guide interviews with adults and youth as a prelude to school nutrition policy (SNP) deployment. Design/methodology/approach Appropriate socio-behavioral and communication theories and models within a social marketing approach were used to build the integrated conceptual framework of this study. The target population consists of 115 multidisciplinary key stakeholders in Lebanon. Directed and semi-structured individual interviews and focus groups were conducted by using questionnaires associated with the variables of the framework. Collected data have been submitted to a thematic qualitative analysis. Findings Combining theories and models increases the potential for understanding the broader determinants of SNP deployment. It is important to choose a holistic theoretical perspective: to study key stakeholders’ perceptions of the facilitators and barriers of SNP development and implementation, to emphasize the active participation of communities and to guide the work of policy and decision makers. Practical implications This research offers perspectives on determinants factors envisaged in the deployment of SNP that help key stakeholders in their promotion and communication practices. Social implications For public policy makers, this research suggests a need to address communities perceptions’ of an eventual SNP deployment. Originality/value The comprehensive integrated conceptual framework proposed in this study amalgamates several variables involved in the process of health promotion under various categories to facilitate SNP deployment.

Quick and efficient approach to develop genomic resources in orphan species: application in Lavandula angustifolia

Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies, by reducing the cost and increasing the throughput of sequencing, have opened doors of research efforts to generate genomic data to a range of previously poorly studied species. In this study, we proposed a method for the rapid development of a large scale molecular resources for orphan species. We studied as an example Lavandula angustifolia, a perennial sub-shrub plant native from the Mediterranean region and whose essential oil have numerous applications in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and alternative medicines.We first built a ‘Maillette’ reference Unigene, compound of coding sequences, thanks to de novo RNA-seq assembly. Then, we reconstructed the complete genes sequences (with exons and introns) using a transcriptome-guided DNA-seq assembly approach in order to maximize the possibilities of finding polymorphism between genetically close individuals. Finally, we used these resources for SNP mining within a collection of 16 lavender clones and tested the SNP within the scope of a phylogeny analysis. We obtained a cleaned reference of 8, 030 functionally annotated ‘genes’ (in silico annotation). We found up to 400K polymorphic sites, depending on the genotype analyzed, and observed a high SNP frequency (mean of 1 SNP per 90 bp) and a high level of heterozygosity (more than 60% of heterozygous SNP per genotype). We found similar genetic distances between pairs of clones, related to the out-crossing nature of the species, the restricted area of cultivation and the clonal propagation of the varieties.The method propose is transferable to other orphan species, requires little bioinformatics resources and can be realized within a year. This is the first reported large-scale SNP development on Lavandula angustifolia. All this data provides a rich pool of molecular resource to explore and exploit biodiversity in breeding programs.

Whole-genome single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker discovery and association analysis with the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content inLarimichthys crocea

Whole-genome single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers are valuable genetic resources for the association and conservation studies. Genome-wide SNP development in many teleost species are still challenging because of the genome complexity and the cost of re-sequencing. Genotyping-By-Sequencing (GBS) provided an efficient reduced representative method to squeeze cost for SNP detection; however, most of recent GBS applications were reported on plant organisms. In this work, we used anEcoRI-NlaIII based GBS protocol to teleost large yellow croaker, an important commercial fish in China and East-Asia, and reported the first whole-genome SNP development for the species. 69,845 high quality SNP markers that evenly distributed along genome were detected in at least 80% of 500 individuals. Nearly 95% randomly selected genotypes were successfully validated by Sequenom MassARRAY assay. The association studies with the muscle eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content discovered 39 significant SNP markers, contributing as high up to ∼63% genetic variance that explained by all markers. Functional genes that involved in fat digestion and absorption pathway were identified, such asAPOB,CRATandOSBPL10. Notably,PPT2Gene, previously identified in the association study of the plasma n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid level in human, was re-discovered in large yellow croaker. Our study verified thatEcoRI-NlaIII based GBS could produce quality SNP markers in a cost-efficient manner in teleost genome. The developed SNP markers and the EPA and DHA associated SNP loci provided invaluable resources for the population structure, conservation genetics and genomic selection of large yellow croaker and other fish organisms.

Whole-genome single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker discovery and association analysis with the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content by Genotyping-By-Sequencing (GBS) in teleost Larimichthys crocea

Whole-genome single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers are valuable genetic resources for the association and conservation studies. Genome-wide SNP development in many teleost species are still challenging because of the genome complexity and the cost of re-sequencing. GBS provided an efficient reduced representative method to squeeze cost for SNP detection; however, most of recent GBS applications were reported on plant organisms. In this work, we used an EcoRI-NlaIII based GBS protocol to teleost large yellow croaker, an important commercial fish in China and East-Asia, and reported the first whole-genome SNP development for the species. 69,845 high quality SNP markers that evenly distributed along genome were detected in at least 80% of 500 individuals. Nearly 95% randomly selected genotypes were successfully validated by SequenomMassARRAYassay. The association studies with the muscle EPA and DHA content discovered 39 significant SNP markers, contributing as high up to ~63% genetic variance that explained by all markers. Functional genes that involved in fat digestion and absorption pathway were identified, such as APOB, CRAT and OSBPL10. Notably, PPT2 Gene, previously identified in the association study of the plasma n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid level in human, was re-discovered in large yellow croaker. Our study verified that EcoRI-NlaIII based GBS could produce quality SNP markers in a cost-efficient manner in teleost genome. The developed SNP markers and the EPA/DHA associated SNP loci provided invaluable resources for the population structure, conservation genetics and genomic selection of large yellow croaker and other fish organisms.

Whole-genome single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker discovery and association analysis with the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content by Genotyping-By-Sequencing (GBS) in teleost Larimichthys crocea

Whole-genome single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers are valuable genetic resources for the association and conservation studies. Genome-wide SNP development in many teleost species are still challenging because of the genome complexity and the cost of re-sequencing. GBS provided an efficient reduced representative method to squeeze cost for SNP detection; however, most of recent GBS applications were reported on plant organisms. In this work, we used an EcoRI-NlaIII based GBS protocol to teleost large yellow croaker, an important commercial fish in China and East-Asia, and reported the first whole-genome SNP development for the species. 69,845 high quality SNP markers that evenly distributed along genome were detected in at least 80% of 500 individuals. Nearly 95% randomly selected genotypes were successfully validated by SequenomMassARRAYassay. The association studies with the muscle EPA and DHA content discovered 39 significant SNP markers, contributing as high up to ~63% genetic variance that explained by all markers. Functional genes that involved in fat digestion and absorption pathway were identified, such as APOB, CRAT and OSBPL10. Notably, PPT2 Gene, previously identified in the association study of the plasma n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid level in human, was re-discovered in large yellow croaker. Our study verified that EcoRI-NlaIII based GBS could produce quality SNP markers in a cost-efficient manner in teleost genome. The developed SNP markers and the EPA/DHA associated SNP loci provided invaluable resources for the population structure, conservation genetics and genomic selection of large yellow croaker and other fish organisms.