Fusobacterium nucleatum CbpF Mediates Inhibition of T Cell Function Through CEACAM1 Activation

F. nucleatum is an anaerobic bacterium that is associated with several tumor entities and promotes tumorigenesis. Recent evidence suggests that F. nucleatum binds the inhibitory receptor carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) via the trimeric autotransporter adhesin CbpF. However, whether this binding is functional or whether other fusobacterial trimeric autotransporter adhesins are involved in CEACAM1 activation is unknown. In this study, using F. nucleatum mutants lacking the type 5c trimeric autotransporter adhesins fvcA (CbpF), fvcB, fvcC, and fvcD, we show that F. nucleatum CbpF binds and activates CEACAM1 and also binds carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a tumor-associated protein. We further find that CEACAM antibodies directed against the CEACAM N-terminal domain block the CbpF-CEACAM1 interaction. In functional assays, we demonstrate CbpF-dependent inhibition of CD4+ T cell response. Thus, we characterize an immune evasion mechanism in which F. nucleatum uses its surface protein CbpF to inhibit T cell function by activating CEACAM1.

Implication Of Geological Domains Data For Modeling And Estimating Resources From Nkout Iron Deposit (South-Cameroun)

This paper is devoted to determine whether the addition of geological information can improve the resource estimate of mineral resources. The geochemical data used come from 116 drill holes in the Nkout East iron deposit in southern Cameroon. These geochemical data are modeled on Surpac and Isatis softwares to represent the 3D geochemical distribution of iron in the deposit. Statistical analysis and then a variographic study is performed to study the spatial variability of iron. Estimation domains were defined based on the results of geological and geochemical analyses. Four domains were determined. These domains are in particular, the saprolitic domain; the poor domain or fresh rocks such as amphibolites, granites and gneisses; the rich domain or oxidized rocks (BIF) and the metasediment domain. Block modeling of the deposit is performed to estimate the resource. The grade of each block was estimated by using ordinary kriging and composites from each domain. This study also consisted of comparing two types of estimate, notably the domain estimate and the global estimate. The cross-validation made it possible to authenticate the obtained models. From this comparison, the domain estimation brings more precision the global estimate precisely on the error analysis while if we take into account the point clouds of the predicted and estimated values, the estimation by geochemical modelling provides the best results.

Implication of geological domains data for modeling and estimating resources from Nkout iron deposit (South-Cameroun)

This paper is devoted to determining whether the addition of geological information can improve the resource estimate of mineral resources. The geochemical data used come from 116 drill holes in the Nkout East iron deposit in southern Cameroon. These geochemical data are modeled on Surpac and Isatis softwares to represent the 3D geochemical distribution of iron in the deposit. Statistical analysis and then a variographic study is performed to study the spatial variability of iron. Estimation domains were defined based on the results of geological and geochemical analyses. Four domains were determined. These domains are the saprolitic domain in particular; the poor domain or fresh rocks such as amphibolites, granites, and gneisses; the rich domain or oxidized rocks (BIF) and the metasediment domain. Block modeling of the deposit is performed to estimate the resource. The grade of each block was estimated by using ordinary kriging and composites from each domain. This study also consisted of comparing two types of estimate, notably the domain estimate and the global estimate. The cross-validation made it possible to authenticate the obtained models. From this comparison, the domain estimation brings more precision the global estimate precisely on the error analysis while if we take into account the point clouds of the predicted and estimated values, the estimation by geochemical modeling provides the best results.

A PRIMAL-DUAL ALGORITHM FOR ROBUST FRACTAL IMAGE CODING

The essence of Huber fractal image coding (HFIC) is to predict the fractal code of a noiseless image as accurately as possible from its corrupted observation with outliers by adopting Huber M-estimation technique. However, the traditional HFIC is not quite satisfactory mainly due to the absence of contractivity restriction for the estimate of the fractal parameters (actually, it is a fundamental requirement in the theory of fractal image coding). In this paper, we introduce a primal-dual algorithm for robust fractal image coding (PD-RFIC), which formulates the problem of robust prediction of the fractal parameters with contractivity condition as a constrained optimization model and then adopts a primal-dual algorithm to solve it. Furthermore, in order to relieve using the corrupted domain block as the independent variable in the proposed method, instead of using the mean operation on a [Formula: see text] subblock in the traditional HFIC, we apply a median operation on a larger subblock to obtain the contracted domain blocks for achieving the robustness against outliers. The effectiveness of the proposed method is experimentally illustrated on problems of image denoising with impulse noise (specifically, salt & pepper noise and random-valued noise). Remarkable improvements of the proposed method over conventional HFIC are demonstrated in terms of both numerical evaluations and visual quality. In addition, a median-based version of Fisher classification method is also developed to accelerate the encoding speed of the proposed method.

Design of Faster Fractal Image Compression using Intensity Mismatch Threshold

Within the domain of image processing the applications of the fractal image compression through the affine transform is rarely implemented. The major drawback it consists is its time consumptions in simulations as well as in hardware implementation. The reason behind this is its comparatively matching the range blocks with the varied number of domain blocks. Additionally, the compression ration obtained from this sets of techniques are much more that the other similar working techniques. In order to overcome, this drawback, here a concept of intensity mismatch searching techniques is intruded within this particular paper. While in the mean time, it only concluded in much reduce in time of searching for similar domain block form a pool. And also this technique does not affect within the compression ratio and PSNR measurement form the retrieved image. Further benefitted in hardware applications where the matters for time consumptions is a major factor.