Mechanical Properties of Nanoporous Metallic Ultrathin Film: A Paradigmatic Case

Nanoporous ultrathin films, constituted by a slab less than 100 nm thick and a certain void volume fraction provided by nanopores, are emerging as a new class of systems with a wide range of possible applications, including electrochemistry, energy storage, gas sensing and supercapacitors. The film porosity and morphology strongly affect nanoporous films mechanical properties, the knowledge of which is fundamental for designing films for specific applications. To unveil the relationships among the morphology, structure and mechanical response, a comprehensive and non-destructive investigation of a model system was sought. In this review, we examined the paradigmatic case of a nanoporous, granular, metallic ultrathin film with comprehensive bottom-up and top-down approaches, both experimentals and theoreticals. The granular film was made of Ag nanoparticles deposited by gas-phase synthesis, thus providing a solvent-free and ultrapure nanoporous system at room temperature. The results, bearing generality beyond the specific model system, are discussed for several applications specific to the morphological and mechanical properties of the investigated films, including bendable electronics, membrane separation and nanofluidic sensing.

Design and Preparation of Nanoporous Cu/Ag Multilayer Films

Cu30Al70 and Ag30Al70 multilayer precursor films were prepared by magnetron sputtering, respectively. Then the nanoporous Cu/Ag multilayer composite films were successfully prepared by selecting the appropriate H2SO4 solution as the dealloying solution. It was found that the nanoporous structure was stable in the dealloying solution. The morphology and structure of nanoporous films are mainly related to the phase composition of precursors. The structure of nanoporous multilayers can be simply regarded as the superposition of single-layer structures. Our work shows that nanoporous multilayers can be well-prepared by magnetron sputtering combined with dealloying.

Fibre Optic SERS Probes For Remote Sensing

Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) enhances spontaneous Raman spectroscopy by the virtue of plasmon resonance of nanoparticles. Clinical application of SERS is challenging as nanoparticles remain in the body for long periods of time and a full toxicity analysis has yet to be extensively studied. In this study, Nanosphere lithography (NSL) was used to create optical fibers with nanoparticle enhanced tips for remote sensing using SERS. A custom designed RS collection setup was created for optimal collection of spectra from the optical fibers. It was found that an optical fiber with 0.5 numerical aperture (NA) allowed for better detection of Raman peaks while mitigating the fluorescence background of the optical fiber without any optical filters. Such a sensing platform can potentially be used to temporarily introduce nanoparticles into a sensing environment as it allows retracting the nanoparticles along with the tip. Nanoporous SERS platform has been fabricated using nanoporous silica glass with 7 nm and 17 nm pore diameters. An inexpensive fabrication approach of sputter deposition of Au layers was employed on prefabricated nanoporous silica glasses. 7 nm pore glasses provided larger enhancement than the glasses with 17 nm pores. A gold layer thickness of 25 nm was observed to produce largest enhancements. Nanoporous SERS substrates allow a larger effective SERS area compared to NSL based fabrication substrates and such nanoporous structures can be potentially fabricated on optical fiber tips for remote sensing. Finite Element Modeling (FEM) method was implemented for simulating single nanoparticles, an infinite periodic array of nanoparticles and nanoporous films using COMSOL Multiphysics software package. The extinction spectra obtained theoretically were found to match the experimental results for single nanoparticles. The maximum enhancement for the periodic array was two orders of magnitude larger than single particles while the integrated (average) enhancement was only two and a half times larger. Nanoporous films were also modelled using the FEM technique. Preliminary clinical data were collected from excised breast tissues for evaluating RS as a tool for cancer diagnostics. Spectral peaks from healthy tissues were found to be prominent than cancerous tissues and further experiments are needed to create a multivariate classification model for diagnostics.

Fibre Optic SERS Probes For Remote Sensing

Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) enhances spontaneous Raman spectroscopy by the virtue of plasmon resonance of nanoparticles. Clinical application of SERS is challenging as nanoparticles remain in the body for long periods of time and a full toxicity analysis has yet to be extensively studied. In this study, Nanosphere lithography (NSL) was used to create optical fibers with nanoparticle enhanced tips for remote sensing using SERS. A custom designed RS collection setup was created for optimal collection of spectra from the optical fibers. It was found that an optical fiber with 0.5 numerical aperture (NA) allowed for better detection of Raman peaks while mitigating the fluorescence background of the optical fiber without any optical filters. Such a sensing platform can potentially be used to temporarily introduce nanoparticles into a sensing environment as it allows retracting the nanoparticles along with the tip. Nanoporous SERS platform has been fabricated using nanoporous silica glass with 7 nm and 17 nm pore diameters. An inexpensive fabrication approach of sputter deposition of Au layers was employed on prefabricated nanoporous silica glasses. 7 nm pore glasses provided larger enhancement than the glasses with 17 nm pores. A gold layer thickness of 25 nm was observed to produce largest enhancements. Nanoporous SERS substrates allow a larger effective SERS area compared to NSL based fabrication substrates and such nanoporous structures can be potentially fabricated on optical fiber tips for remote sensing. Finite Element Modeling (FEM) method was implemented for simulating single nanoparticles, an infinite periodic array of nanoparticles and nanoporous films using COMSOL Multiphysics software package. The extinction spectra obtained theoretically were found to match the experimental results for single nanoparticles. The maximum enhancement for the periodic array was two orders of magnitude larger than single particles while the integrated (average) enhancement was only two and a half times larger. Nanoporous films were also modelled using the FEM technique. Preliminary clinical data were collected from excised breast tissues for evaluating RS as a tool for cancer diagnostics. Spectral peaks from healthy tissues were found to be prominent than cancerous tissues and further experiments are needed to create a multivariate classification model for diagnostics.