Pengembangan Atraksi Wisata Minat Khusus Berbasis Nilai Tradisi Makotek Di Desa Wisata Munggu Badung Bali

Makotek tradition is believed as a tradition to ward off bad omens which is practiced twice a year at Kuningan Day by Munggu villagers. In addition to the function of Makotek tradition as religious ritual, it also has a function as tourism attraction. This research aims to identify the value of Makotek tradition and gives some recommendation about tourism attraction development based on Makotek tradition value hence the stakeholder at Munggu Tourism Village can get additional reference to develop various tourism activities. This research uses qualitative method and applies tourism attraction concept, tourism attraction development concept, and special interest tourism concept. Makotek tradition value were: 1) presentations value of Makotek are talent value, skill value, and medium value; 2) content value of Makotek are knowledge value, ethnic value, intuition value, concept value, life value (morality value, social value, religion value); 3) appearance value of Makotek are form value (shape value and structure value). Special interest tourism attraction developments that can be done were: 1) develop attractions with something to see criteria that represents content value (knowledge and life value) of Makotek tradition and meets enriching and learning aspect; 2) develop attractions with something to do criteria that represents presentation value (skill, talent and medium value), content value (social, knowledge, intution, concept value), appearance value (shape and structure value) of Makotek tradition and meets rewarding, enriching, adventuring, and learning aspect; 3) develop attractions with something to buy criteria that represents presentation value (skill value) of Makotek Tradition and meets rewarding aspect. Keyword: Special Interest Tourism Attraction Development, Makotek Tradition Value, and Munggu Tourism Village

Sucrose or sucrose and caffeine differentially impact memory and anxiety-like behaviours, and alter hippocampal parvalbumin and doublecortin

Caffeinated sugar-sweetened “energy” drinks are a subset of soft drinks that are popular among young people worldwide. High sucrose diets impair cognition and alter aspects of emotional behaviour in rats, however, little is known about sucrose combined with caffeine. Rats were allocated to 2h/day 10% sucrose (Suc), 10% sucrose plus 0.04% caffeine (CafSuc) or control (water) conditions. The addition of caffeine to sucrose appeared to increase the rewarding aspect of sucrose, as the CafSuc group consumed more solution than the Suc group. After 14 days of intermittent Suc or CafSuc access, anxiety was assessed in the elevated plus maze (EPM) prior to their daily solution access, whereby CafSuc and Suc rats spent more time in the closed arms, indicative of increased anxiety. Following daily solution access, CafSuc, but not Suc, rats showed reduced anxiety-like behaviour in the open-field. Control and CafSuc rats displayed intact place and long-term object memory, while Suc showed impaired memory performance. Sucrose reduced parvalbumin immunoreactivity in the hippocampus, but no differences were observed between Control and CafSuc conditions. Parvalbumin reactivity in the basolateral amygdala did not differ between conditions. Reduced doublecortin immunoreactivity in the dentate gyrus relative to controls was seen in the CafSuc, but not Suc, treatment condition. These findings indicate that the addition of caffeine to sucrose attenuates cognitive deficits. However, the addition of caffeine to sucrose evokes anxiety-like responses under certain testing conditions, suggesting that frequent consumption of caffeinated energy drinks may promote emotional alterations and brain changes compared to standard soft drinks.

Pedagogical Experiments in an Anthropology for Liberation

This piece began as a series of conversations with colleagues about the joys and frustrations I experienced in my endeavours to practice commoning in a new course, ‘Anthropology for Liberation.’ In it, I reflect on my efforts to place pedagogical practices of commoning and decolonising anthropology – critically examining and making space for different ways of learning, knowing, and being – at the centre of our classroom agenda. I go on to discuss how working to untangle the knot of colonialism with my students has been simultaneously the most challenging and the most rewarding aspect of teaching this course. I also examine some of the tensions involved in creating an educational common that encourages dialogue and critique yet sits within a university system built on inherently unequal power relations between lecturer and student. Finally, I reflect on some of the reasons why I was not entirely successful in creating an anthropological community that commons.

Novelty Seeking and Reward: Implications for the Study of High-Risk Behaviors

Novelty seeking and sensation seeking are constructs useful in predicting human risk-taking behaviors. This predictive relation purportedly reflects some rewarding aspect of experiencing novelty. Research has confirmed this assumption. Rats display an increase in preference for an environment that has been differentially paired with novel stimuli. The physiological mechanisms mediating this rewarding effect of novelty involve the neurotransmitter dopamine, whereas those controlling novelty seeking do not. The mechanisms involved in drug seeking and reward show parallel dissociations. This concordance between novelty and drug-abuse research suggests that novelty and drug stimuli may interact in biologically and behaviorally meaningful ways. Indeed, preliminary research examining cocaine and novelty and published work with amphetamines support this suggestion. There is clear need for further systematic research on novelty reward and related processes at all levels of analysis: genetic, biological, behavioral, and social.

Concluding remarks

There is a story told of Lord Birkenhead when he was a young barrister which has some relevance to the discussions of the last two days. After he had spoken in court for some five hours the Judge leant forward and said, ‘Young man, you have spoken for five hours and I am afraid we are none the wiser!’ To which the young barrister replied, ‘My Lord, you may not be any wiser but you should be much better informed’. After listening to 16 formal papers and several discussion periods I have no doubt that we are all better informed. Whether we are also wiser depends on the use we make of this information in our own future endeavours and on the extent to which we understand that progress in the problems of environmental geochemistry and health must come from interdisciplinary efforts, not only involving a wide range of disciplines and expertise but also a wide range of environments. The most satisfactory and, to me, certainly the most rewarding aspect of this Discussion Meeting has been the way it has brought together so many individuals of such varying backgrounds, all revealing a basic commonality of interest. Chemists, geologists, nutritionists, epidemiologists, physicians and others have contributed their specialized interests to an area which is vast, complex and above all challenging. They must have gained immeasurably from the contributions of others with whom they would not normally communicate in their professional life.