Tungus-Manchu Traditional Beliefs. Part 2: Zoomorphic Complex

This article describes the zoomorphic complex of Tungus-Manchu beliefs refl ected in mythology, ritual practices, shamanism, and decorative and applied arts. Those beliefs are regarded as a coherent whole within the cultural system. The typology of the zoomorphic complex shows that the key fi gures were the serpent-dragon, the deer, the bear, and the tiger. In traditional worldviews and rituals, they were related to cosmogony, ancestor cult, hunting and fi shing rituals, healing, and initiation shamanic complexes. The semantics of animal images depended on their place in the cultural system, religious ritual, and artistic communication. Comparative analysis demonstrates both ethno-cultural specifi city and universal archetypal characteristics, as well as connection with ancient regional beliefs. The Tungus- Manchu zoomorphic complex originated within the East Asian traditions, having been infl uenced by cultures such as the Old Chinese, Korean, and Jurchen.

SOCIAL DISTANCING POLICY AND RESPONSES BY INDONESIAN MUSLIM INTELLECTUALS

The Covid-19 pandemic has affected Muslim religious practices. Social distancing policy, which requires not to gather for any activities, are contradictory to the Muslim’s religious ritual which promotes congregational worship. It accidentally becomes concerns of Muslim intellectuals. Therefore, they publish their thoughts in either national or international journals. This article focuses on the results of the intellectual thoughts published in national journals. It employs descriptive qualitative method through journal searches. There are 16 related journals deemed to meet the requirements. The results of the study show that the social distancing policy is responded in pros and cons. Those who go with cons do not intend to refuse the government policies but to purely adhere to religious tenet because religion has long been believed while Covid-19 is perceived as a threat. In this sense, they are afraid of religion more than the Covid-19. Meanwhile, those who are pro are subject to not only government regulations but also religion. Therefore, the Covid-19 pandemic has brought about an adaptive attitude of Muslims to remain obedient to the government regulations by carrying out independent religious practices or through virtual spaces. Pendemi Covid-19 telah berdampak pada praktik keagamaan umat Islam. Kebijakan Social Distancing yang menghendaki tidak berkumpul, bertentangan dengan ritual umat Islam yang mewajibkan ibadah berjemaah. Inilah menjadi daya tarik kaum intelektual. Oleh karena itu, mereka mempublikasikan pemikirannya di berbagai jurnal baik internasional maupun nasional. Artikel ini berfokus pada hasil pemikiran intelektual yang dipublikasikan di jurnal nasional. Penelitian kualitatif deskriptif diperoleh melalui penelusuran jurnal, terdapat 16 jurnal bertema Islam yang dianggap memenuhi persyaratan. Hasil pemikiran kaum intelektual menunjukkan bahwa Kebijakan Social Distancing direspons pro dan kontra. Golongan yang kontra dalam hal ini bukan menolak kebijakan pemerintah tetapi lebih pada menunjukkan ketaatan pada agama yang jauh sebelumnya diyakini, sedangkan Covid-19 adalah ancaman. Dalam posisi ini mereka lebih takut pada agama daripada Covid-19. Sedangkan yang pro tidak hanya tunduk pada peraturan pemerintah, tetapi juga tunduk pada agama. Dengan demikian, pandemi Covid-19 membawa sikap adaptif umat Islam untuk tetap patuh pada peraturan pemerintah dengan menjalankan praktik keagamaan secara mandiri atau melalui ruang virtual.

ERA BARU DALAM RITUAL KEAGAMAAN: STUDI ZIARAH KUBUR DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19

Religious rituals during the COVID-19 pandemic are indeed different from previous times. Nowadays, it is required to use a series of conditions in running it. In various regions in carrying out many worship activities, cultural rites, religion must be limited by several provisions. In celebration, not all will attend the assembly or mosque. As for this article, the author uses a phenomenological approach methodology to map current phenomena on the surface that are different from religious activities before the outbreak of Covid-19. The result of this study is that pilgrimage to the grave has become a rite in Islamic society when approaching major holidays, making pilgrimages always a social gathering and ritual that must be carried out even though there is a pandemic. However, with this pandemic, many public cemeteries have been closed and many appeals not to come to the graves during the pandemic, especially during major holidays in Islam. So it can be concluded that the religious ritual of pilgrimage to the grave, which has taken root in the community and becomes a ritual that must be carried out when approaching a certain day, cannot be limited even with the Covid-19 pandemic. Abstrak Ritual keagamaan di masa pandemi covid-19 ini memang berbeda dengan masa-masa sebelumnya. Masa hari ini dituntut untuk menggunakan serangkaian persyaratan dalam melaksanakannya. Di berbagai daerah dalam melaksanakan banyak kegiatan peribadatan, ritus budaya, agama harus dibatasi dengan beberapa ketentuan. Dalam perayaannya, memang tidak semua akan hadir dalam sebuah majelis atau masjid. Adapun pada artikel ini penulis menggunakan metodologi pendekatan fenomenologi untuk memetakan sebuah kejadian fenomena yang hari ini timbul dipermukaan yang ada sebuah perbedaan dengan kegiatan keagamaan di kala sebelum mewabahnya covid-19. Hasil daripada kajian ini ialah ziarah kubur yang sudah menjadi ritus dalam masyarakat Islam ketika menjelang hari-hari besar, menjadikan ziarah akan selalu menjadi pertemuan dan ritual keagamaan yang tetap harus dikerjakan meski pandemi. Namun, dengan adanya pandemi ini, tempat pemakaman umum banyak yang ditutup dan banyak himbauan untuk tidak datang ke makam di masa-masa pandemi, terutama ketika hari-hari besar dalam Islam. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa ritual keagamaan ziarah kubur yang sudah mengakar dalam masyarakat dan menjadi ritual yang wajib dikerjakan ketika menjelang hari tertentu, tidak bisa dibatasi meskipun dengan adanya pandemi Covid-19 ini.

Form Follows Function in Community Rituals in North China: Temples and Temple Festivals in Jiacun Village

Yingshen saishe or saishe is a general name for all types of temple festivals held to offer sacrifices to deities of local communities. With its roots traceable to ancient shamanic beliefs and practices, saishe demonstrates itself as a closely integrated form of religious ritual performance and musical/theatrical performance and proves to be instrumental in the development of Chinese theatre from ritual to drama. Based on my fieldwork on Jiacun Double-Fourth Temple Festival in May 2016, this paper offers a close examination of Jiacun temple culture and temple theatre with focus on the religious ritual performance and musical/theatrical entertainment presented during the festival. In so doing, this paper provides an enhanced understanding of the highly dynamic, interactive relationships between temple and theatre and between efficacy and entertainment.

The prayers of evocatio and devotio: Between religious ritual and Roman law

This paper, which is a work in progress and a continuation of previous articles that were published on the Roman concepts of evocatio and devotio, will explore a new approach: the juridical context and implications of these religious and magical rituals. After reminding briefly the traditional interpretation (religious prayers pronounced only in a context of war) and the results of our previous articles 1 (evocatio was not limited to military context, and evocatio and devotio included magical elements very similar to formulas of execration (defixiones), we will ask questions that seem to be innovative: on the one hand, “can we compare these prayers with juridical contracts?”, and on the other hand, “had these rituals juridical and political consequences?”, such as the loss of status of a person (in this case, the devotio of enemies) and the loss of status of a place/city (in the case of evocatio). Were these religious rituals a way of making possible the symbolical destruction of a territory and the transfer of a divinity's statue to Rome, and consequently a way of making possible the real destruction of this territory and justifying its conquest? To carry out this study, we will analyze different texts that mention evocatio and devotio, and we will contrast them with texts that refer to juridical concepts (such as consecratio capitis et bonorum, exsecratio, bellum iustum, and damnatio memoriae). We will also analyze the case of cities (Veii, Praeneste, Falerii Veteres, and Carthago) that probably lost their juridical and political status after a war and after religious rituals such as evocatio and devotio. It would not be the first time that religion was used for political reasons, to justify Roman imperialism.

The Cult of Sulis-Minerva at Bath: The Religious Ritual of the Patron Goddess at Bath

<p>The Roman City of Bath, also known as Aqua Sulis, lies in the modern British county of Somerset in the south-east of England. During the Roman occupation of ancient Britain, Bath became a significant Roman town centred on a large religious complex. As the Roman city lies underneath the modern city Bath, excavation of both the temple complex has been difficult. To add further problems, Bath was only mentioned in one ancient source, Solinus. Consequently, there is a large gap in the knowledge we have about Roman Bath and its patron goddess. As such a large Romano-Celtic temple complex, Sulis’ cult has important contributions to religion in Roman Britain. Subsequently, studying and understanding Sulis’ cult is important to the study of Roman Britain. This thesis discusses features of Sulis’ cult and what this may tell us about the goddess’s attributes as well as how her cult functioned. The large Romano-Celtic temple was functional from c.65 to c.400 CE. However, there is evidence which would suggest that Sulis was worshipped by the ancient Britons before the Romans had a permanent presence in Britain. This thesis will place Roman Bath within the wider context of Romano-British history, outlining how it functioned through architecture and evidence for the temple’s gradual decline. Scholarship has agreed that Sulis is a Celtic deity who was worshipped by the Celts before the Romans arrived in Britain. Through Roman religious sensibilities, Sulis was conflated with the Roman goddess Minerva. Most of the physical remains at Bath are architectural features, votive offerings and altars. Many links have been drawn between Sulis and her thermal spring. For example, Sulis-Minerva has been regarded as an important healing divinity and her temple complex a place people can go for healing. This thesis will discuss Sulis and her connection to the goddess Minerva as well as what the goddess’s relationship was to the Romans and Britons. Attention has been drawn to a large cache of 130 Latin defixiones, or curse tablets, discovered in Sulis’ spring. The curses most commonly beseech Sulis to hunt down a culprit and punish them. The defixiones constitute an important source of evidence regarding to Sulis’ attributes. There has been some debate as to the nature of these curse tablets as there have been suggestions that they read more as ‘prayers for justice’. This thesis will explore the idea that the tablets acted as a medium for a devotee to ask the goddess for retribution against a perceived wrong. A comparison will be drawn between Bath’s curse tablets and other forms of Roman prayers comparing the two. As of now, the defixiones contribute a large portion of evidence towards religious life at Bath. Sulis represents hybridization between two ancient civilizations. On the one hand, Sulis had strong roots to ancient British religion but after Roman occupation her cult became predominantly Roman in form. I will discuss the remaining aspects of Celtic religion at Bath, such as in the Gorgon pediment, and how this was changed under Roman rule.</p>

The Cult of Sulis-Minerva at Bath: The Religious Ritual of the Patron Goddess at Bath

<p>The Roman City of Bath, also known as Aqua Sulis, lies in the modern British county of Somerset in the south-east of England. During the Roman occupation of ancient Britain, Bath became a significant Roman town centred on a large religious complex. As the Roman city lies underneath the modern city Bath, excavation of both the temple complex has been difficult. To add further problems, Bath was only mentioned in one ancient source, Solinus. Consequently, there is a large gap in the knowledge we have about Roman Bath and its patron goddess. As such a large Romano-Celtic temple complex, Sulis’ cult has important contributions to religion in Roman Britain. Subsequently, studying and understanding Sulis’ cult is important to the study of Roman Britain. This thesis discusses features of Sulis’ cult and what this may tell us about the goddess’s attributes as well as how her cult functioned. The large Romano-Celtic temple was functional from c.65 to c.400 CE. However, there is evidence which would suggest that Sulis was worshipped by the ancient Britons before the Romans had a permanent presence in Britain. This thesis will place Roman Bath within the wider context of Romano-British history, outlining how it functioned through architecture and evidence for the temple’s gradual decline. Scholarship has agreed that Sulis is a Celtic deity who was worshipped by the Celts before the Romans arrived in Britain. Through Roman religious sensibilities, Sulis was conflated with the Roman goddess Minerva. Most of the physical remains at Bath are architectural features, votive offerings and altars. Many links have been drawn between Sulis and her thermal spring. For example, Sulis-Minerva has been regarded as an important healing divinity and her temple complex a place people can go for healing. This thesis will discuss Sulis and her connection to the goddess Minerva as well as what the goddess’s relationship was to the Romans and Britons. Attention has been drawn to a large cache of 130 Latin defixiones, or curse tablets, discovered in Sulis’ spring. The curses most commonly beseech Sulis to hunt down a culprit and punish them. The defixiones constitute an important source of evidence regarding to Sulis’ attributes. There has been some debate as to the nature of these curse tablets as there have been suggestions that they read more as ‘prayers for justice’. This thesis will explore the idea that the tablets acted as a medium for a devotee to ask the goddess for retribution against a perceived wrong. A comparison will be drawn between Bath’s curse tablets and other forms of Roman prayers comparing the two. As of now, the defixiones contribute a large portion of evidence towards religious life at Bath. Sulis represents hybridization between two ancient civilizations. On the one hand, Sulis had strong roots to ancient British religion but after Roman occupation her cult became predominantly Roman in form. I will discuss the remaining aspects of Celtic religion at Bath, such as in the Gorgon pediment, and how this was changed under Roman rule.</p>

PECULIARITIES OF LIGHT FUNCTIONING IN MODERN GREEK CATHOLIC CHURCHES OF UKRAINE

In each historical period, light played an important mystical role in the creation of the sacred space of the temple, and was and is an integral part of religious ritual. Light is an architectural phenomenon, the formative and communicative element of the spatial structure of the temple, the most important factor in the perception of space and layout of the temple. The subject of the analysis contained in the article is the light environment in the space of modern churches of Ukraine. An analysis of the functions of light in churches is made on the example of recently built iconic Greek Catholic temples. The peculiarities of the distribution of natural and artificial light in the space of modern churches, the similarities and differences in the organization of the light environment, as compared to the historical temples, have been revealed. The influence of the light on the architectonics of temples and the visual perception of their object environment, on the formation of the corresponding mystical mood and sacred atmosphere is defined. The values and functions of electric lighting in the structure of the light environment of the temple, the directions of development of electric lighting systems due to the expansion of their utilitarian and decorative functions are determined.

ANALISIS MINAT REMAJA STABAT TERHADAP TABUNGAN MABRUR JUNIOR PADA BANK SYARIAH INDONESIA KCP STABAT

The momentum of Hajj for Muslims has its own meaning, apart from being a religious ritual in the last pillars of Islam, Hajj has a moral, spiritual, and intellectual spirit for those who perform it. So that the pilgrimage makes a significant contribution in the process of changing society for the better. The problem is how is the interest of stabat teenagers towards junior mabrur savings at Bank Syariah Indonesia KCP Stabat?. The purpose of this study was to find out how much interest the youth in Stabat had on the junior mabrur savings product at Bank Syariah Indonesia KCP Stabat and find out who influences the interest of Stabat youth. The method used is descriptive qualitative method. The data used is primary data in the form of interviews with BOSM Bank Syariah Indonesia KCP Stabat and secondary data. The results showed that parents were the driving factor for teenagers' interest in junior mabrur savings. For this reason, Bank Syariah Mandiri needs a strategy to increase youth's interest in junior mabrur savings.