An Enterprise Management Framework for Costs Engineering Estimation Models Based on Scopus Scientometrics. An Aerospace Engineering Case Study

The cutting-edge industrial product creation faces battling goals. There is an additional expenditure need to enhance new product reliability, and nevertheless, an enterprise should reduce product costs to receive the long-term development funds. This conflict resolution depends on a design engineer, who should take into account the future product costs as early, as possible. So, the purpose of this article is to elicit the most widespread cost estimation models at all design stages. I purposely investigate the models' limits to propose their common frame. The research methodology is Scopus scientometrics. First, I elicit the most authoritative reviews on the design cost estimation topic. Then I made the reviews content analysis and summarize the models’ limitations. Findings show that the design cost estimation models significantly vary. They do not eliminate or substitute for each other. Each model is suitable in an appropriate designing process place. Scientometric analysis points that advanced cost estimation models are poorly evolved for enterprise efficiency prediction including the aerospace industry. To overcome these obstacles, I propose an enterprise goal model. This study’s novelty is that a fitting combination of cost estimation models ensures the whole enterprise's economical effectiveness.

Public Health Care and Government Health Expenditures in Pakistan

This study evaluates the impact of health care expenditure by the government on health sector outcomes in Pakistan by using data from the period 1982 to 2016. To examine whether the variables are stationary, the ADF test is run whereas the relationship among the variables is tested through the ARDL model technique. The empirical result from the regression equation shows that healthcare expenditure affects significantly the health sector outcome i.e., a decrease in infant deaths in the long run. Bilateral and multilateral fund assistance becomes a part of health expenditure in less progressive countries which is helpful for increasing the resource allocation in the vital segment of the economy. Hence funds allocated for health care expenditure need to be sensibly utilized because it will help in achieving a portion of the Millennium Development Goals. Improved wellbeing can be achieved as an outcome of enhanced capacities of the health sector as a result of the proper allocation of public healthcare funds.

Determinants of Resource Allocation: Do Bureaucratic Factors Matter?

Many governments around the world claim to use the normative resource allocation model in the transfer of intergovernmental grants. However, many political-economy studies suggest the contrary. It has been widely suggested that political and economic factors dominate the resource allocation process in both developed and developing countries. Using resource allocation data from the Ghana Education Service, this study supports the arguments that intergovernmental resource allocation transcends the normative principles of proportionality and expenditure need. Political factors do indeed influence resource allocation. One interesting contribution of this study is that, it highlights the importance of bureaucratic factors in the resource allocation process. Bureaucratic representation is a political institutional factor which has to a large extent been neglected by most political economy studies.

Net Fiscal Flows and the Size of Cities

Which regions contribute most to national growth? Do large cities ‘need’ more expenditure per capita? The relation between these two questions is the subject of a current German discussion, but it is of importance for other countries as well. What precisely is the issue? The substantial German fiscal equalization systems between states (Länder) and between communities assign estimates of higher expenditure need per capita to larger cities. This paper argues that this is justified, because, following the arguments of new regional economics, the modern agglomerations are of crucial importance for national growth. To maintain this role they have to be able to keep or receive enough public finance. To assess this, total public flows out of and into regions have to be taken into account. The relevant analysis shows that their contribution to upperlevel (federal and Länder) finances is far above average, but that they receive relatively little from federal and Länder spending; consequently they experience large net fiscal outflows. The use of the abovementioned progressive scale of expenditure need in the equalization systems reduces this fiscal siphoning-off, at least to some extent.