Dissimilar Metal Solution from Solid Alloys as Observed for Steels and Nickel‐Based Alloys in the Presence of Lead‐Based Liquid Alloys or Liquid Tin

The solution of elements from metallic alloys is analyzed, notably the initial stage characterized by solution in proportion to the alloy composition and subsequent selective leaching of alloying elements. For the latter stage of the process, characteristic features of the originating depletion zone are derived for different formation mechanisms. The results are compared with observations for steels and nickel-based alloys after exposure to lead-based liquid alloys or liquid tin, and, where possible, the prevailing mechanism is identified. Furthermore, the influence of dissolved oxygen and formation of intermetallic compounds are addressed.

Novel Poly(Methylenelactide-g-L-Lactide) Graft Copolymers Synthesized by a Combination of Vinyl Addition and Ring-Opening Polymerizations

In this work, a novel poly (methylenelactide-g-L-lactide), P(MLA-g-LLA) graft copolymer was synthesized from poly(methylenelactide) (PMLA) and L-lactide (LLA) using 0.03 mol% liquid tin(II) n-butoxide (Sn(OnBu)2) as an initiator by a combination of vinyl addition and ring-opening polymerization (ROP) at 120 °C for 72 h. Proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H- and 13C-NMR) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirmed the grafted structure of P(MLA-g-LLA). The P(MLA-g-LLA) melting temperatures (Tm) range of 144–164 °C, which was lower than that of PLA (170–180 °C), while the thermal decomposition temperature (Td) of around 314–335 °C was higher than that of PLA (approx. 300 °C). These results indicated that the grafting reaction could widen the melt processing range of PLA and in doing so increase PLA’s thermal stability during melt processing. The graft copolymers were obtained with weight-average molecular weights (M¯w) = 4200–11,000 g mol−1 and a narrow dispersity (Đ = 1.1–1.4).

Viscoelastic behaviour of highly filled polypropylene with solid and liquid Tin microparticles: influence of the stearic acid additive

In this work, highly filled composites made of a commercial polypropylene resin and low melting point Tin particles, up to 50 vol.% in loadings, have been prepared by melt blending process. The introduction of stearic acid (SA), a common dispersant, was investigated in compositions. The developed systems were characterized in terms of dynamic rheological testing. Final results confirmed a reduction of linear viscoelastic domain, by increasing filler loadings, with an effect more emphasized in the presence of SA. Contrary to literature studies, at equal filler content (50%), both moduli resulted to be superior for formulations containing the dispersing agent. A further rheological characterization continued on systems at 30 vol.% of particle loadings for highlighting differences depending on the SA addition. Specific tests were also performed at temperatures above the melting of Tin particles. Finally, optical microscopic analyses were carried out for gaining insight on sample microstructure, in controlled conditions of temperature and shear rate.

Laser-impact-induced splashing: an analysis of the splash crown evolution after Nd:YAG ns-pulse laser impact on a liquid tin pool

The splash created by intense laser pulse impact onto a liquid tin layer is studied experimentally using time-delayed stroboscopic shadowgraphy. An 8-ns infrared (1064 nm) laser pulse is focused onto a deep liquid tin pool. Various laser spot sizes (70, 120, and 130 $$\upmu$$ μ m in diameter) and various laser pulse energies (ranging 2.5–30 mJ) are used, resulting in laser fluences of $$\sim$$ ∼ 10–1000 J/cm$$^2$$ 2 inducing pronounced splashing. Specifically, we study the time evolution of the splash crown-width. The crown width expansion velocity is found to be linearly dependent on the laser energy, and independent of the focal spot size. A collapse of all crown width evolution data onto a single master curve confirms that the hydrodynamic evolution of our laser-impact-induced splash is equivalent to droplet-impact-induced splashing. Laser-impact splashing is particularly relevant, e.g. for high-brightness laser-assisted discharge-produced plasma and laser-produced plasma sources of extreme ultraviolet light for nanolithography.