Exercise Dosage in Reducing the Risk of Dementia Development: Mode, Duration, and Intensity—A Narrative Review

Senile dementia, also known as dementia, is the mental deterioration which is associated with aging. It is characterized by a decrease in cognitive abilities, inability to concentrate, and especially the loss of higher cerebral cortex function, including memory, judgment, abstract thinking, and other loss of personality, even behavior changes. As a matter of fact, dementia is the deterioration of mental and intellectual functions caused by brain diseases in adults when they are mature, which affects the comprehensive performance of life and work ability. Most dementia cases are caused by Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and multiple infarct dementia (vascular dementia, multi-infarct dementia). Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by atrophy, shedding, and degenerative alterations in brain cells, and its occurrence is linked to age. The fraction of the population with dementia is smaller before the age of 65, and it increases after the age of 65. Since women live longer than men, the proportion of women with Alzheimer’s disease is higher. Multiple infarct dementia is caused by a cerebral infarction, which disrupts blood supply in multiple locations and impairs cerebral cortex function. Researchers worldwide are investigating ways to prevent Alzheimer’s disease; however, currently, there are no definitive answers for Alzheimer’s prevention. Even so, research has shown that we can take steps to reduce the risk of developing it. Prospective studies have found that even light to moderate physical activity can lower the risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Exercise has been proposed as a potential lifestyle intervention to help reduce the occurrence of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Various workout modes will be introduced based on various physical conditions. In general, frequent exercise for 6–8 weeks lessens the risk of dementia development.

Abstract 024: Trends in Anatomical Location and Case Fatality of Myocardial Infarction in Four US Communities, 1987–2008: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

INTRODUCTION: Although the incidence of and mortality following ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI) is decreasing, time-trends in STEMI infarct location and associated prognosis have not been examined in a population-based community study. METHODS: We determined 22-year trends in age-adjusted, gender-specific incident hospitalized STEMI and 28-day case fatality among 35–74 year old residents of four ARIC surveillance study communities. STEMI location was assessed by 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECG) from hospital records and was coded as anterior (V2-V5), inferior (II, III, AVF), lateral (I, AVL, V6 alone or with V2-V5) or multiple (2 or more regions) infarct locations using Minnesota coding. Case fatalities were confirmed with linkage to the National Death Index. RESULTS: From 1987 to 2008, there were an estimated 6,108 (fatal or non-fatal) hospitalized STEMIs, with an average annual decrease of −4.0% (95% CI, −4.7, −3.3) in men and −3.1% (95% CI −4.1, −2.1) in women. By infarct location, 37.2% of STEMIs were inferior; 32.8% anterior; 16.8% multiple territories; and 13.2% lateral. Annually, inferior STEMI decreased by −1.5% (95% CI −2.4, −0.6) while STEMI in multiple infarct regions increased by 2.9% (95% CI 1.9, 4.3), Figure. The 28-day case fatality for anterior, inferior and lateral STEMI decreased from 10.9% (95% CI 7.9, 13.9) to 5.1% (95% CI 3.0, 7.2), P < 0.01; from 6.1% (95% CI 4.5, 7.6) to 3.5% (95% CI 2.0, 5.0), P = 0.03; and from 14.8% (95% CI 8.6, 21.1) to 6.3% (95% CI 3.0, 9.6), P = 0.01, respectively. In contrast, no significant change in 28-day case fatality for STEMI in multiple infarct regions was observed. CONCLUSION: Between 1987 and 2008, significant heterogeneity by infarct location was observed for incident STEMI and in 28-day mortality after STEMI. In contrast to STEMI in other infarct locations, the proportion of STEMI involving multiple infarct territories increased over 22 years of surveillance, without improvement in 28-day mortality. These findings may have implications for STEMI surveillance and management.