Scaling analysis of a physics-guided kinetic energy density expansion

An approach guided by physical consistency in determining the general forms of D-dimensional kinetic energy density functionals (KEDF) has been demonstrated previously, producing an expansion which contains the majority of the known one-point KEDF forms. It is known that any noninteracting KEDF shall necessarily have a homogeneity degree of 2 in coordinate scaling. This paper demonstrates that this condition is already satisfied in the general expansion despite not being conceived with the scaling as a constraint.

Optimization of Extrusion Process Using Response Surface Methodology for Producing Squid and Millet Based Extrudate

The squid is underutilized seafood than finfish and shellfishes in domestic consumption and millet is also an underutilized food grain. This study aimed to produce squid and millet- based extrudate under the optimized process parameters using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The effects of process parameters such as heater 1 temperature (55°C, 60°C and 65°C), heater 2 temperature (120°C, 125°C and130°C), screw speed (250 rpm, 275 rpm and 300 rpm), and inclusion of squid powder (3%, 4%, 5%, 6% and 7%) were tested for responses like bulk density, expansion ratio and fifty product weight in RSM. All process parameters tested had significant (P<0.05) impact on responses. The optimized parameters were found to be 64.10°C of heater 1 temperature, 129.98°C of heater 2 temperature, screw speed of 317.87 rpm, and 6.56% of inclusion of squid powder.

The effects of extrusion conditions on the properties of Amplang, a traditional fish snack in Borneo

The effects of extrusion process parameters on Amplang fish snack production are investigated in this study using a single-screw extrusion machine. The extrusion parameters are based on two factors, namely the barrel temperature (100 - 140oC) and screw speed (146 - 208 rpm). The central composite design (CCD) is used to produce thirteen experimental combinations and the effects of the extrusion parameters on the physical and functional characteristics (hardness, bulk density, expansion ratio, and water absorption and solubility indexes) of the Amplang fish extrudate were assessed as responses. The fish extrudates investigated in this study varied between 45.57 - 246.33 N (hardness), 0.09 - 0.21 g/cm3 (bulk density), 1.00 - 2.67 (expansion ratio), 2.58 - 4.01 g/g (water absorption index), and 19.25 - 29.8% (water solubility index). The bulk density, expansion ratio, water absorption index, and water solubility index were shown to be significantly (P < 0.05) affected by the barrel temperature and screw speed. In conclusion, barrel temperature and screw speed can influence the physical and functional properties of extruded fish snacks and the extrusion technique demonstrated in this study can be utilised to produce Amplang fish snacks in Sabah.

On the Eternal Role of Planck Scale in Machian Cosmology

With reference to Planck scale, Mach's relation and by introducing two new parameters Gamma and Beta, right from the beginning of Planck scale, we make an attempt to estimate ordinary matter density ratio, dark matter density ratio, mass, radius, temperature, age and expansion velocity (from and about the Planck mass in all directions). In analogy with currently believed cosmic acceleration, with a decreasing trend of total matter density ratio, cosmic expansion velocity can be shown to be increasing. By considering H 0 &cong; 70 km/sec/Mpc, estimated current cosmic mass, radius, total matter density, expansion velocity, temperature and age are: 4.3352 &times; 10 53 &nbsp; kg , 3.207 &times; 10 26 &nbsp; m , 3.138 &times; 10 &minus; 27 &nbsp; kg . m - 3 , 2.43 c , 2.721 &nbsp; K and 19.78 &nbsp; Billion &nbsp; years respectively. Point to be noted is that, with reference to Planck scale, cosmic temperature seems to be redshifted by a factor ( Z T ) t &cong; 1 + ln ( H p l / H t ) &minus; 1 where ( H p l , H t ) represent Planck scale and time dependent Hubble parameters respectively. As a peculiar case, considering the equality of current Hubble parameter and current angular velocity, current cosmic rotational kinetic energy can be estimated to be 0.667 times the current critical energy. It needs further study.

On the Eternal Role of Planck Scale in Machian Cosmology

Considering Planck mass as a representation of baby universe and evolving universe as a growing Planck ball, a heuristic model of quantum cosmology can be developed. By considering the famous relation GM = c2R, a Machian model of evolving quantum cosmology can also be developed with increasing matter content and decreasing matter density. In all directions, &lsquo;from and about&rsquo; the baby universe, cosmic expansion velocity can be shown to be increasing with decreasing matter density. Estimated current cosmic mass, radius, matter density, expansion velocity and age are: 4.3352&times;1053 kg, 3.207&times;1026 m, 3.318&times;10-27 kg.m-3, 2.43c and 19.78 Billion respectively. As a peculiar case, considering the equality of current Hubble parameter and current angular velocity, current cosmic rotational kinetic energy can be shown to be 0.667 times the current critical energy! Proceeding further, with reference to Planck scale, cosmic temperature seems to be redshifted by a factor( ( Z T ) t + 1 ) &cong; 1 + ln ( H p l / H t ) ; where (Hpl, Ht) represent Planck scale and time dependent Hubble parameters respectively.

A temporally cyclic growth model of urban spatial morphology in China: Evidence from Kunming Metropolis

Rapid urbanisation and complexity of political-economic transition in China has brought about continuous and remarkable changes of urban morphology over the past decades, which were driven by a mixture of spatial, social-economic and institutional forces. Understanding such urban morphological evolution requires new mixed evidence and holistic perspectives. In this paper, it is argued that two dominant types of urban growth in China: low-density expansion and high-density infill, might be driven by different forces at different stages. To interpret the processes of urban development, two easy-to-understand morphological indicators: ‘expansion-induced investment density index’ (EID) and ‘infill-induced investment density index’ (IID), are defined to measure the investment density per unit of developed land and used to compare the morphological changes between different phases in a long period by integrating spatial and socio-economic data. The temporal variation of these indicators suggests a cyclic growth model (CGM), which means the periodic switch between low-density expansion and high-density infill. Using Kunming metropolis as a case study, this paper has confirmed that its urban morphological evolution from 1950 to 2014 was periodically and reciprocally driven by a set of vis-à-vis dualistic dynamics, in which low-density expansion is led by pro-growth infrastructure-oriented public investment, while the high-density infill is activated by collective and rational actions of individual enterprises and their economic behaviours. It is concluded that the confirmed CGM model, together with two morphological indicators, offers a new holistic perspective and method to easily and integrally interpret urban morphological evolution and accordingly has potential theoretical implications for reasonably understanding the urbanisation in China.

Temperature profile in a liquid–vapour interface near the critical point

Thanks to an expansion with respect to densities of energy, mass and entropy, we discuss the concept of thermocapillary fluid for inhomogeneous fluids. The non-convex state law valid for homogeneous fluids is modified by adding terms taking account of the gradients of these densities. This seems more realistic than Cahn and Hilliard’s model which uses a density expansion in mass-density gradient only. Indeed, through liquid–vapour interfaces, realistic potentials in molecular theories show that entropy density and temperature do not vary with the mass density as it would do in bulk phases. In this paper, we prove using a rescaling process near the critical point, that liquid–vapour interfaces behave essentially in the same way as in Cahn and Hilliard’s model.